APA Format for Interview Citations

APA Format for Interview Citations August 07, 2019 10000 Hours/Getty Images More in Student Resources APA Style and Writing Study Guides and Tips Careers In This Article Table of Contents Expand How to Cite an Interview How to Note the Type of Interview When to Use an Interview Before You Do an Interview The reference list of an APA format paper contains a list of published sources that can be located by readers. While much of your research may come from books, professional journals, newspapers, and online databases, sometimes you may find yourself needing to cite information that you gather from other sources, including interviews. So how should writers handle the sourcing of personal interviews? If you use information or quotations that were taken from an interview with a source, you need to cite the source, how the information was collected, and when the interview was conducted. Because these interviews are not something that can be located by a reader in any published source or searchable database, they should not be included in your reference section. When you include details gathered from a personal interview in an academic or professional paper, you should cite the information parenthetically in the main body of your text in a format similar to that of other in-text citations. How to Cite an Interview There are some basic rules you should follow for an APA interview citation: Include the last name and first initial of the intervieweeInclude the date the interview took placeNote indicating the type of interview Here is the basic structure you should use: (Last Name, First Initial, Type of interview, Date of interview) An example of how this would look in the body of your paper: “Drug use among teens can be attributed to the increased availability of the substance.” (R. Heathfield, personal communication, May 9, 2019). If, however, you include the name of the interview subject in-text to introduce or paraphrase a quote, you do not need to list the source’s name again parenthetically. For example: R. Heathfield suggested that the change in drug use among teens could be attributed to the increased availability of the substance (personal communication, May 9, 2019). Basic Rules for APA Format How to Note the Type of Interview The APA offers some guidelines for how to handle different types of interviews: Personal interviews: Whether your interview was conducted in person or via text or telephone, you should cite the information as a ‘personal communication.’  Emails: Because emails are not retrievable by other readers, the APA considers these as personal communications. They should be cited only in-text just as other interview sources and should not be included in your reference list.Class lectures: Like emails, information taken from a class lecture, guest lecture, or group discussion cannot be accessed by other readers, so it should be cited as personal communication.Research interviews: If you are interviewing a research subject, you will need to preserve the participant’s anonymity for ethical reasons. When referring to a specific participant, whether by summarizing their results or directly quoting their comments, you should be careful to avoid providing any identifying information. You might simply state that the individual is a participant or you might refer to them by n on-identifying letters or nicknames (i.e. Student A, Participant B, etc.). When to Use an Interview There are a number of reasons why you might want to conduct an interview to gather information for your paper.   Some reasons you might want to use an interview: You have further questions that you want to ask an expert or researcher  The written information on a topic is scantAn expert is able to offer specific insights that you cannot find elsewhere Before You Do an Interview There are some things that you should consider before you reach out to an expert for an interview. First and foremost, do not interview someone about the information that is easily available in published sources. You are responsible for conducting your own background research on a topic. Once you have done a thorough literature review and it becomes clear that there are knowledge gaps in the information that is publicly available, then consider reaching out to an expert for additional insight. Next, you should always approach the interview subject respectfully.   Be observant of their time constraintsBe willing to conduct the interview on the subject’s scheduleConduct the interview in the manner that best suits the subject’s needs, whether it is by phone, interview, or textHave your questions prepared in advanceSend a follow-up note or email thanking them for their time A Word From Verywell While APA format dictates that you should not include unpublished interview sources in your reference list, you should cite these sources in the text of your paper. By doing so, you help ensure that your readers have a better understanding of where the information came. These citations also help readers better appreciate the special insights that these sources add to your arguments. Examples of APA Format

Argumentation Teqniques Used in Martin Luther King Jr.s...

â€Å"Now is the time to lift our national policy from the quicksand of racial injustice to the solid rock of human dignity (pg. 941).† In 1963, Martin Luther King Jr. was arrested and sent to jail for leading a peaceful march in Birmingham in which the city officials issued no parade permit. From the jail cell in Birmingham, Martin Luther King Jr. composed â€Å"Letter From Birmingham Jail† in response to the eight clergymen who had attacked his character and work for civil rights through the publication â€Å"A Call For Unity†, insisting he was an â€Å"outsider† influencing the actions of hatred and violence. Martin Luther King Jr. establishes himself as an authority in the eyes of his audience, shows the trials blacks encounter in America, justifies his†¦show more content†¦936).† The purpose of direct action is to create a tension to open the door up for negotiation. If the government does not feel the pressure of change from the people , change is likely to be postponed and neglected. King uses logos to counter argument the clergymen’s claim that the actions at Birmingham were untimely. For example, â€Å"All Christians know that the colored people will receive equal rights eventually, but it is possible that you are in too great a religious hurry (pg. 941).† King counters that claim with the logic that time itself is neutral and can be used either destructively or constructively. It’s what we do in the time were given that is important. Martin Luther declares that the white power structure left the Black community with no alternative and logically describes the actions the Negro community took and the four basic steps of a nonviolent campaign: collection of the facts to determine whether injustices exist; negotiation; self-purification; and direct action. He supports his claim saying that Negro leaders sought to negotiate with city fathers but they refused to engage in good-faith negotiation. Some merchants agreed to move their storesâ€℠¢ humiliating racial signs but they briefly remained unseen. As weeks

Graduation Day - 1385 Words

â€Å"Graduation Day† As the beautiful sky happily accompany sunrays, that shined down on the entrance of the field house where the ceremony of my graduation took place. Someone above must have known it was my graduation day and blessed me with a beautiful day. I was so excited, that the night before the graduation I couldn’t sleep at all. I tossed and turned all night, thinking about the graduation and if he’d even show up. I waited for this moment for four long years and I will make the best of it. The entrance of the field house was filled with students, families, and school officials and conversation was excitedly exchange from one friend to another. I wondered around the place looking for my friends who are already laughing excitedly†¦show more content†¦My family swarming me with hugs and kisses each giving a statement of approval and yet I felt sad. As the crowd dispersed and gone separate ways to celebrate, I was left with a hollowness. How could sadness be present on such a day that is designated for feeling such happiness, laughter, and joy? Externally I appeared ecstatic but internally I had given up. As we begun to exit the field house along with many other families I had given myself a pep talk. This day was my day and I will make the most of it no matter what. Over all the hollering, I heard a faint but distinct voice call out for me. â€Å"Ashley!† I thought to myself there’s probably numerous other people with the same name, and I continued to walk. â€Å"Pumpkin.† Someone shouted. That word caught my full attention and a chill had set over my body. I paused, thought about how I’d react at the sight of him, and began to turn around. Standing a few strides away from me appeared my dad. He was standing the same height as when I last saw him but now with a bit more weight around the waist. His hair combed back, wavy, and as black as ever. Wearing a short sleeve black button up shirt tucked into his dark blue jeans boarded by a leather belt with a large buckle. Worn out, oily, and scuffed boots upon his battered feet and upon his face was a smile. The smile he displayed was the largest I’ve ever witnessed. His smile reached ear to ear and every pearly white onShow MoreRelatedGraduation Day Essay1303 Words   |  6 Pages For most people their graduation day is one of the best days of their lives. No more high school, and for some it means that they are now able to move out on their own and embark on t he independent journey of college. In my case my graduation day started out to be a great day but turned out to be one of the worst. It is almost as if I wish I never had a ceremony. If there wasnt graduation ceremony there wouldnt have been an accident. On June 13, 2011, I woke up a happy and excited 17 yearRead MoreMaya Angelou s Graduation Day862 Words   |  4 PagesWhen an individual hears discouraging comments about themselves, their confidence lowers, however, when a person hears uplifting and encouraging compliments, their confidence rises. These ideas appear multiple times throughout Maya Angelou’s, â€Å"Graduation Day†. The story refers to a young girl graduating the eighth grade. Maya Angelou encountered many people who challenged her personal growth because of the words spoken to her. Although common belief states words have no power, words have the powerRead MoreMaya Angelou s Graduation Day1038 Words   |  5 Pagesgeneral chain of command. It is the power within the words that lends significance to the inspirational speeches and songs held so dearly in the hearts of many. Due to their significant daily presence, words hold an immense power. In Maya Angelou’s â€Å"Graduation Day,† she ca refully describes the intense negative power one man’s words have on an entire community. Angelou also illustrates a very emotional positive power that a boy’s words have in lifting the congregation’s spirits up. Words are depicted asRead MoreThe Day Of My High School Graduation Speech1512 Words   |  7 Pagesand the moment that helped me coming back to the reality. May 24, 2014 was the day of my high school graduation ceremony. I somehow felt unready and uncomfortable inside. I did not want to leave my school, my teachers, and especially my friends. Apart from that, I still wanted to wear my school uniform to school. I am the type of person that doesn’t want to think what to wear to school the next day. It seems like I am a lazy person, but the uniform also gave me the feeling of identity,Read MoreDescriptive Essay On Graduation Day1505 Words   |  7 Pages Monday, May 16th, graduation day. It’s 5:37 in the morning and I remember this cause I never wake up earlier than 8 unless I have to, but today I didn’t have to. It’s the day culminating twelve years of hard work and dedication into a three hour ceremony in which I will actually have to do something with my life other than a routine I believe I’ve perfected throughout these last four years. I roll over and pick up my phone, a dim light comes t hrough a slit in my window shades just to remind me howRead MoreNarrative Analysis Of Graduation Day772 Words   |  4 Pagesand books that brought a wide range of ideas to mind to then ink it to the story. Like all story they start with a beginning, setting the scene of the narrative. The starting of this story begins explaining the most important day of every year 12’s life, Graduation day. Until the story sets the scene of the rest of the story starting off in the past about a young girl starting year 12 along with all her other school friends. Throughout the story there is always a rising action. For example, itRead MoreGraduation Speech : Day And That Moment1248 Words   |  5 PagesThat day and that moment I remember coming back from school after taking our final exam in geology my best friend who I thought of him as my brother and I. I remember that day as if it was yesterday I still feel like going through the actions over and over every time I go to sleep. It was a really hot day, the sun was so hot and the air was so dry. We meat out side of the school talked about how we performed on our tests and how our answers were. We were joking laughing having fun. Until he saidRead MoreAnalysis Of Graduation Day By Maya Angelou728 Words   |  3 PagesAre encouraging words the uniting force when fighting injustice? In â€Å"Graduation Day,† Maya Angelou addresses how encouraging words affected the injustice she faced as a child. Angelou informs her audience about the influence encouraging words had on her and the people in her community. These uplifting words united her community in a time of overwhelming bias. Encouraging words unite oppressed people to fight injustice. Spiritual words unite communities to fight injustice and practice in good worksRead More Graduation Speech: No Day But Today Essay965 Words   |  4 PagesMrs. Meke told me never to start a paper with a dictionary definition, but it only seemed fitting to site Merriam Webster today. Graduation is the act of acceptance of an academic degree or diploma. Never have Merriam and Webster been more off their mark. Graduation is much more than a simple ceremony, it is the culmination of 12 years of work, friendships, and the little moments that still make us smile. High school was more than its name leads you to believe. It wasn’t just school, it taughtRead MoreAn Example of a Graduation Speech653 Words   |  3 Pageswriting papers, doing homework, taking an occasional pop quiz, and of course taking countless exams, it is that time that we all anticipate†¦Graduation! Purpose Statement: Since the majority of us are seniors, and graduation is a little less than a month away, I am going to provide you with some historical background information and some fun facts about graduation in order to make the occasion even more meaningful than it already is. Road Map: Most of you could probably agree that high school was

Museum Visit Free Essays

The museum was a safe haven for housing art and historical facts of the many cultures all round the world. The Creation Stories at the Michael Carols Museum were fascinating and interesting. My favorite was the â€Å"God Spoke the Earth: Stories of Genesis in Prints and Drawings†. We will write a custom essay sample on Museum Visit or any similar topic only for you Order Now The exhibition was narratives from the book of Genesis. Marc Chloral born in 1889 was a F-ranch artist who traveled to Palestine after a 1930. His work was to illustrate stories from the Old Testament. His Jewish heritage lined up with his immediate connection to the Holy Land. There were many in the Holy Land that spoke his native Yiddish and Russian. His lithograph, The Bible II, found in his 2nd series was an expression to accentuate a narrative to the creation story. The painting was that of blues, grays and subtle yellows that evoked the sense of light, water, earth and life emerging but of the firmament. Chloral depicts Adam pulling the forbidden fruit rather than Eve. His painting put emphasis into the virtues of womanhood and female figures. The female images appear in almost every image of the painting. At this time was Chloral’s first exploration into art in a Biblical expression, Hitler came to power over Germany. The Nazi party opposed the work of Chloral and deemed it as a threat to the Western violation. Chloral had a lot at stake being an artist from France exploring Jewish theories. Due to the disapproval, Chloral had to flee to the United States and by the help of an American journalist; he was able to obtain forged Visas to make the journey to the United States. John Waddled Barnes, American artist, born in 1921 and deceased in 2008. His illustrations were in pen and ink wash. His artwork was of the story of Joseph. The art on display was his pieces that reflected the different pieces of Josephs story such as; Jacob interprets the moon devoting son, Joseph, Jacob consoles Rachel, Joseph awake after wedding night, Joseph tries on the coat, Joseph tells dream, Joseph sojourn in the well, Traveling merchants rescue Joseph, Joseph before the Sphinx, The ladies party, Joseph feels from Potash’s wife, Joseph interprets the dream, Meeting of Jacob and Joseph in Egypt. The artwork is beautiful with dark and light colors. The paintings are like sketching that have expressions very felt by the viewer. â€Å"Birth of Cain† was an engraving piece of art by a Dutch artist, Adrian Collars (1560-?1618). This artwork was at a time were the Protestant Reform in North Europe was occurring. The Council of Trend convened between 1545-?1563 in discussing the reform of the Catholic Church. The key topic was on sacred images being permissible only if it didn’t mislead or corrupt the viewer. In an order for an imagery to be accepted it should encourage the viewer devotion in connection to scripture. The scenes of Genesis depicted a hard life of God’s creations Adam and Eve. The art was to allow the viewer to experience the agony and hardship that Adam and Eve endured outside of paradise. This reflected God’s punishment which was painful birth, short life spent in a dangerous and inhospitable land. The ewer was also made aware of the first time an act of violence and malice in the story of Able being murdered by his own brother Cain. Collars wanted the viewer to mediate and have a sense of responsibility and loss that Adam and Eve felt as a result of sin. John Martin (1789-?1854) fourth series print, Adam and Eve hearing the Judgment of the Almighty, was a Mezzanine from 1831. Martin took a series of prints illustrated from the Bible in an effort to repeat the series from that of John Million’s Paradise Lost. Adam and Eve were rebuked by God represented by rays of light shining from trees at the right: Have you eaten from the tree of which commanded you not to eat? † (Gene. 1) The Seated Buddha of India Peak period was in black stone. It represented touching the earth calling upon the earth goddess as witness to his ability to attain enlightenment. The tree above his halo is a branch of the Booth tree under which he has reached the final stage of spiritual advancement. His throne is a typical lion’s throne which reflects two lions and an elephant at the base. The Egyptian coffin lid was beautifully detailed. It was from the Egyptian dynasty of 1190- 1075 BC- The coffin was of wood, geese, pigment bronze, calcite (Egyptian alabaster). This was uniquely carved. The artist was very artistic in all aspects of the facial features and the perfect carved hands. Tablet with an account Of a Deluge was from the late Babylonian period of 1699-?1600 BC, Nipper Mesopotamia, of clay. The lower portion of the fragment of the clay tablet was written in Sumerian cruciform script and it relates to a tale of flood that destroyed mankind and it’s parallel to the story of Noah in the Bible. I found it fascinating that it reads; â€Å"A flood will I send which will affect all mankind at once. But seek the deliverance before the flood breaks forth for over all living beings. However, many there are will I bring annihilation, destruction and ruin. How to cite Museum Visit, Papers

Societal Values free essay sample

We See Society and the Individual Clash When societal expectations clash with individual beliefs and morality, an atmosphere of tension is bound to occur, whether that is within the individual or between the individual and society. Historically, the most volatile issues are centered on this dilemma. The stages right before the revolutionary war when the colonists were deciding whether to declare independence exempli? es this perfectly. In more American and European societies, the individual works for himself and society second, whereas in Middle Eastern and Asian cultures, there is more a tendency to put society as the ?rst priority. Huck Finn encounters this dilemma. Personally, I have come across this dilemma when tempted with things like drugs and alcohol. Many high schoolers succumb to these temptations because it is a lot easier to go with the societal norm, i. e. your friends, than with what you know is right internally. It primarily occurs with his relationship with Jim. We will write a custom essay sample on Societal Values or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page While Jim is Hucks friend, Huck understands the societal norm of looking down upon slaves and expecting that a runaway slave to be turned in to the authorities. Society vs. the individual: who wins? Society Wins and get somebody to go for that gang and get them out of their scrape, so they can be hung when their time comes. (Ch. 13) Social expectationsare everywhere. When people, especially women, see supermodels that are tall and thin, there is a silent expectation that they also need to look like this. The dark side to this industry is the unspoken means to how the women get there. This is where social expectations clash with internal morality. These models know that bulimia and anorexia are not healthy ways to slim down, but society expects that these women will look a certain way. In this case, society wins. In another very famous example, Anne Franks story is where society wins. Though morally one sides with Frank, she was eventually killed by the Nazis. The Nazi society won. In Huck Finn, society wins during the family feud. The two families cant even remember what they are ? ghting over, however in a society that in a way idolizes violence in subtle ways, the families ? ght mindlessly. It even escalates to the point of death. The Individual Wins I was sorry to hear Jim say that, it was such a lowering of him. My conscience got to stirring me up hotter than ever. (Ch. 16) When the individual wins, it is typically against a much larger opponent of the accepted norm. Vigilantes like the KKK or neo-Nazis illustrate this point well. When a society has progressed to the point where racism does not readily exist in everyday life, vigilantes who still have racist tendencies believe that society is wrong. In their mind, by cleansing society of another race, they are doing good. In this case, the individual wins. When Huck decides not to turn Jim in after he struggles with the concept of harboring a runaway slave, the individual wins. Society in the South had been in the clutches of slavery for a very long time. It was accepted that a white person would consider themselves above a slave, therefore turning them in if a slave was known to have runaway. Huck eventually decides against society and continues on with Jim. Society and the Individual Tie he didnt want to go no deeper- didnt want to rob a lot of orphans of everything they had. (Ch. 26) This is the most ambiguous case of society versus an individual. Here, there are two types of winning and losing where both sides win or lose at the same time. This can be because of insight into both sides or insight into neither. Harder to identify cases like polygamists in west Texas, or even a group versus another group like the IsraeliPalestinian con? ict are the primary makeup of this group. Even cases like the prochoice against pro-life debate can seem to the people on each side that society is against them. Other cases like this are incidents that show that a group is within legal rights to do something, however most would agree they arent right in morality. A perfect case is the Westboro Baptist Church. They protest funerals of fallen soldiers to show their disdain for the war. Technically, they can do this, but most look down upon these actions. In Huck Finn, the reader sees this tie at the end of the book when Jim is captured. He is about to be put back into slavery, until we ? nd out Jim is free. Society in a way has won because slavery still continues uninterrupted after this incident. However, the individual wins because in Jims case, he is set free. Here, society and the individual tie.

THE DEATH PENALTY Essay

THE DEATH PENALTY Essay THE DEATH PENALTY Essay Death Penalty in the United States University of Phoenix Human Lifespan Development BSHS/342 Death Penalty in the United States The death penalty has been around since the 13 colonies. The abolishment of death penalty is different for each state. Many states still believe in the death penalty, however; the individuals who receive the death penalty usually sit on death row for a long period of time prior to the execution being carried out. At this time there are 17 states that have abolished the death penalty. Throughout history the death penalty has been carried out by many methods. There are supporting views and opposing views depending upon each state and each individual. The death penalty in the United States is punishable for many different crimes. Some individuals believe the death penalty is a crime itself because it is viewed as murder for murder. History of the Death Penalty Early American settlers brought with them a sense of right and wrong strongly based on British law, which focused on personal retribution. Americans held fast to the notion that humankind was naturally licentious which allowed the barbaric nature of the death penalty at the time to flourish. During the Middle Ages establishing guilt before inflicting punishment gained popularity. Battle, Ordeal, and Compurgation were the influential ways this was determined. However, â€Å"since humans are fallible the risk of executing the innocent can never be eliminated (Amnesty 2012). Soon the government realized that these methods were ineffective. Trial by jury became the most accepted and effective way of establishing guilt between the eighth and eleventh century AD. Italian philosopher Cesare Beccaria published a book which had a strong impact on the views of the American society and the death penalty. In the United States the colonies while holding onto the British influence gained ind ependence from each other as they grew, and the began to adopt subset lists of crimes that qualified for the death penalty. By 1791 The Bill of Rights reflected that capital punishments were not to be inflicted in ways deemed cruel and unusual. This left much open to interpretation. By the beginning of the nineteenth century America was effectively torn on capital punishment. It came down to seeing the world differently. Half believed that criminals were a product of their environment and even genetic defects which elicited sympathy, and the other half believed that criminals made choices based on their inability to escape some deeply engrained need and desire to do wrong therefore, society was better without them. Soon the death penalty became privatized and the ritualistic act of revenge was no longer as personal. New ways of inflicting the death penalty were created that reflected societies ever-growing need to reduce the barbaric nature of the penalty. The civil rights movement of the 1960’s was not effective in dismissing the death penalty altogether, however the movement did allow states to rewrite what acts should be considered for the penalty. As of today many states still exercise, the right to inflict the death penalty for acts deemed worthy of the punishment. Where the Death Penalty is Legal and Not Legal The death penalty is allowed in more than 50% of the United States. There are only 17 states that have abolished the death penalty at this time. Of those 17 states, within the last five years, five states have recently decided against the death penalty (Death Penalty Information Center, 2012). The most recent state abolishing the death penalty is Connecticut, which abolished the death penalty on April 25, 2012 by Connecticut’s governor. However with the abolishment of the death penalty in only 17 states, the states that do allow the death penalty do not usually carry out the executions timely. Many of the individuals waiting for his or her execution remain locked up on death row. Recently, the time

5 Sentences Requiring Hyphenated Phrasal Adjectives

5 Sentences Requiring Hyphenated Phrasal Adjectives 5 Sentences Requiring Hyphenated Phrasal Adjectives 5 Sentences Requiring Hyphenated Phrasal Adjectives By Mark Nichol When two or more words team up to describe something, they’re usually hyphenated to make their symbiotic relationship clear. Each of the following sentences contains a phrasal adjective that should be linked with one or more hyphens; each example is followed by a brief discussion and a revision. 1. Their affair wasn’t exactly the best kept secret. This sentence refers to a secret that is the best kept, not a kept secret that is better than any other, so link the phrasal adjective together: â€Å"Their affair wasn’t exactly the best-kept secret.† 2. The company conducted an information security risk assessment earlier this year. What type of assessment occurred? A risk assessment about information security, or an assessment about information-security risk? Either analysis is correct, but at least one hyphen is required, no matter which interpretation is favored: â€Å"The company conducted an information-security risk assessment earlier this year† and â€Å"The company conducted an information-security-risk assessment earlier this year.† (Both work, but the former alternative is simpler.) 3. Smith is widely revered for being the most high profile member of the Mormon faith in America. This sentence seems to imply that of all the profile members of the Mormon church, Smith is the one most intoxicated by drugs. A hyphen linking high and profile eliminates any confusion about the meaning of the statement: â€Å"Smith is widely revered for being the most high-profile member of the Mormon faith in America.† 4. The rare book dealer has been in business for as long as I can remember. Does this sentence refer to one of the few book dealers or to a dealer in rare books? The latter reading is more likely, but eliminate doubt by hyphenating rare and book: â€Å"The rare-book dealer has been in business for as long as I can remember.† 5. We analyzed the entire play on a scene by scene basis. The phrasal adjective â€Å"scene by scene† should be hyphenated: â€Å"We analyzed the entire play on a scene-by-scene basis.† (Alternatively, simplify the sentence to â€Å"We analyzed the entire play scene by scene†; try this approach for time frames, too, as by replacing â€Å"on an annual basis† with annually.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Math or Maths?15 Types of DocumentsThe "Pied" in The Pied Piper