tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-25925507053107886412024-03-08T09:15:14.515-08:00Academic paper writing1984 Research Essay Topicscarolegraham197http://www.blogger.com/profile/11719097213085457656noreply@blogger.comBlogger36125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2592550705310788641.post-24944822576033861102020-08-24T12:18:00.001-07:002020-08-24T12:18:07.634-07:00The Tempest free essay sampleThe idea of the extraordinary chain of being, which is the strict various leveled structure that begins from God and advances descending to edges, devils, lords, rulers, nobles, men, etc. Can be seen all through the play ââ¬Å"The tempestâ⬠composed by the creator William Shakespeare. One of the fundamental subjects of the play gives us how keeps an eye on covetousness to ascend past ones spot of intensity and breaks the hierarchy of leadership; can cause critical ramifications for the characters. Prospero is the fundamental character in ââ¬Å"The Tempestâ⬠and is the hero of the play. Prospero was before the Duke of Milan, till his sibling Antonio plotted against him and over accepting his situation as duke, with the assistance of Alonso the King of Naples. Prospero then fled with little girl Miranda to an island so they didnââ¬â¢t face execution. This first unnatural difference in power has set off a chain response for occasions to come towards Antonio, Alonso and the individuals around them. We will compose a custom article test on The Tempest or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page A long time later Prospero made a tempest crash a boat onto his island that contained a gathering of men that included Antonio, Alonso and his child Ferdinand; with the assistance of his sprit manage Ariel. While on the island significantly all the more reflecting and inversion of request occurred between the men. In one occasion Antonio convinces Sebastian, who is Alonsoââ¬â¢s sibling, to murder Alonso while he is dozing. Since once Alonso is dead Sebastian will be the sole beneficiary to the seat â⬠As thou gotââ¬â¢st Milan, Iââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢come by Naples. Draw thy blade; one stroke will free thee from the tribute which thou payest, and I the ruler will adore thee. â⬠(Lines 186-189) Another case of characters attempting to ascend past their place of intensity; is when Trinculo a buffoon and Stephano a steward figure they can become leaders of the island. Caliban is Prosperoââ¬â¢s hireling on the island and despises him for compelling him to do his offering; when in his brain he think thatââ¬â¢s the island has a place with him and he ought to be in control. So when they are totally smashed Caliban convinces Stephano to slaughter Prospero so as to assume responsibility for the island ââ¬Å"Monster, I will murder this man, his girl and I will be King and Queen-spare our graces! What's more, Trinculo and thyself will be emissaries. â⬠(Lines 101-103) Lastly Gonzalo a ruler imagines that even he can see himself managing the island, yet he asserts he would administer with no trade, work or power in his ociety. When abandoned on the island all the characters free sight of the first levels of leadership that was once settled before they went to the island. These characters imagine the island as a space of opportunity and hidden potential. As should be obvious the play â⬠The Tempestâ⬠gives us how rapidly man is happy to increase new control over individuals. By ascending in their status, by whatever methods available. Characters are eager to murder, double-cross family, and lie to one another to accomplish their voracious wants. Toward the finish of the play Prospero can stand up to Alonso and his sibling Antonio, who results in Prospero recapturing his title as Duke of Milan, This occasion reestablishes the once broken chain of common request, and along these lines returning things to the manner in which it used to be. Indicating the subordinate truth of the idea of the incredible chain of being. â⬠The suggestion was that common defiance made the chain be broken, and as indicated by the convention of correspondence, this would have want outcomes in different domains. carolegraham197http://www.blogger.com/profile/11719097213085457656noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2592550705310788641.post-70664476295380243102020-08-22T01:18:00.001-07:002020-08-22T01:18:28.969-07:00Quality Management Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 wordsQuality Management Systems - Essay Example Associations apply different procedures and methods for quality. Greatness is looked for as a result of value, or greatness is accomplished alongside quality. Associations look for Total Quality Management, utilized in the expert universe of instruction, government, enterprises and in numerous different fields. Throughout the years, associations have come to frame the ISO 9000 Standards. This is a consequence of the unification of different associations and leagues all through the world. It is a lot of rules and techniques, or just norms, for associations to follow as they continued looking for greatness and quality administration. Numerous associations utilize the Standards as reason for self evaluation and greatness. There are steps to follow in self-evaluation. Accreditation for the ISO 9000 is an underlying advance, at that point associations go for self-evaluation, and besides. The means are counted and clarified further as we come in this paper. The subtleties of the ISO 9000:2000, how it developed and is presently rehearsed by associations everywhere throughout the world, are additionally clarified. This examination is about ISO 9000:2000 according to quality administration frameworks and greatness models. ISO 9000 underscores a steady Quality Management Systems and greatness models, for example that numerous associations go for ISO 9000 enrollment, accept this as a base. ... that numerous associations go for ISO 9000 enrollment, accept this as a base. Thusly, their quality administrators carry on the program of self-evaluation estimates utilizing greatness models. This investigation inquired about on books and the web about ISO 9000:2000. We concentrated on quality administration and the objectives of associations and organizations for applying the Standards and the accentuation on Total Quality Management and greatness models. 1 Introduction This paper depends on the force point introduction about ISO 9000:2000 Standards and its strong relationship on quality administration framework and greatness models. ISO 9000 arrangement and greatness models have explicit ideas of absolute quality administration, yet with regards to the degree of Total Quality Management development, they are extraordinary. We will bargain in this paper the hole of the degrees of TQM characterized in ISO 9000 arrangement and the greatness model. For associations looking for a greatness grant, ISO 9000 arrangement can turn into a base, and afterward go on with the eight stages approach, as embraced by A. van der Wiele, A.R.T. Williams, and B.G. Dale in their paper entitled, ISO 9000 Series Registration to Business Excellence: The Migratory Path. The paper itself (in pdf group) is a superb examination with suggestions for associations trying to make a base in ISO 9000 at that point continue on for an honor for greatness. 2 Literature Review Greatness is characterized as the remarkable practice in dealing with the association and accomplishing results. Accentuation is on the association's objectives and targets in accordance with consumer loyalty, needs and specification.Excellence Models Numerous associations embrace the idea of absolute quality administration with self-evaluation utilizing carolegraham197http://www.blogger.com/profile/11719097213085457656noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2592550705310788641.post-85241552179608246882020-07-20T15:29:00.001-07:002020-07-20T15:29:03.349-07:00APA Format for Interview CitationsAPA Format for Interview Citations August 07, 2019 10000 Hours/Getty Images More in Student Resources APA Style and Writing Study Guides and Tips Careers In This Article Table of Contents Expand How to Cite an Interview How to Note the Type of Interview When to Use an Interview Before You Do an Interview The reference list of an APA format paper contains a list of published sources that can be located by readers. While much of your research may come from books, professional journals, newspapers, and online databases, sometimes you may find yourself needing to cite information that you gather from other sources, including interviews. So how should writers handle the sourcing of personal interviews? If you use information or quotations that were taken from an interview with a source, you need to cite the source, how the information was collected, and when the interview was conducted. Because these interviews are not something that can be located by a reader in any published source or searchable database, they should not be included in your reference section. When you include details gathered from a personal interview in an academic or professional paper, you should cite the information parenthetically in the main body of your text in a format similar to that of other in-text citations. How to Cite an Interview There are some basic rules you should follow for an APA interview citation: Include the last name and first initial of the intervieweeInclude the date the interview took placeNote indicating the type of interview Here is the basic structure you should use: (Last Name, First Initial, Type of interview, Date of interview) An example of how this would look in the body of your paper: âDrug use among teens can be attributed to the increased availability of the substance.â (R. Heathfield, personal communication, May 9, 2019). If, however, you include the name of the interview subject in-text to introduce or paraphrase a quote, you do not need to list the sourceâs name again parenthetically. For example: R. Heathfield suggested that the change in drug use among teens could be attributed to the increased availability of the substance (personal communication, May 9, 2019). Basic Rules for APA Format How to Note the Type of Interview The APA offers some guidelines for how to handle different types of interviews: Personal interviews: Whether your interview was conducted in person or via text or telephone, you should cite the information as a âpersonal communication.â Emails: Because emails are not retrievable by other readers, the APA considers these as personal communications. They should be cited only in-text just as other interview sources and should not be included in your reference list.Class lectures: Like emails, information taken from a class lecture, guest lecture, or group discussion cannot be accessed by other readers, so it should be cited as personal communication.Research interviews: If you are interviewing a research subject, you will need to preserve the participantâs anonymity for ethical reasons. When referring to a specific participant, whether by summarizing their results or directly quoting their comments, you should be careful to avoid providing any identifying information. You might simply state that the individual is a participant or you might refer to them by n on-identifying letters or nicknames (i.e. Student A, Participant B, etc.). When to Use an Interview There are a number of reasons why you might want to conduct an interview to gather information for your paper. Some reasons you might want to use an interview: You have further questions that you want to ask an expert or researcher The written information on a topic is scantAn expert is able to offer specific insights that you cannot find elsewhere Before You Do an Interview There are some things that you should consider before you reach out to an expert for an interview. First and foremost, do not interview someone about the information that is easily available in published sources. You are responsible for conducting your own background research on a topic. Once you have done a thorough literature review and it becomes clear that there are knowledge gaps in the information that is publicly available, then consider reaching out to an expert for additional insight. Next, you should always approach the interview subject respectfully. Be observant of their time constraintsBe willing to conduct the interview on the subjectâs scheduleConduct the interview in the manner that best suits the subjectâs needs, whether it is by phone, interview, or textHave your questions prepared in advanceSend a follow-up note or email thanking them for their time A Word From Verywell While APA format dictates that you should not include unpublished interview sources in your reference list, you should cite these sources in the text of your paper. By doing so, you help ensure that your readers have a better understanding of where the information came. These citations also help readers better appreciate the special insights that these sources add to your arguments. Examples of APA Format carolegraham197http://www.blogger.com/profile/11719097213085457656noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2592550705310788641.post-14385426405323888122020-05-21T23:09:00.001-07:002020-05-21T23:09:02.487-07:00Argumentation Teqniques Used in Martin Luther King Jr.s... ââ¬Å"Now is the time to lift our national policy from the quicksand of racial injustice to the solid rock of human dignity (pg. 941).â⬠In 1963, Martin Luther King Jr. was arrested and sent to jail for leading a peaceful march in Birmingham in which the city officials issued no parade permit. From the jail cell in Birmingham, Martin Luther King Jr. composed ââ¬Å"Letter From Birmingham Jailâ⬠in response to the eight clergymen who had attacked his character and work for civil rights through the publication ââ¬Å"A Call For Unityâ⬠, insisting he was an ââ¬Å"outsiderâ⬠influencing the actions of hatred and violence. Martin Luther King Jr. establishes himself as an authority in the eyes of his audience, shows the trials blacks encounter in America, justifies hisâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦936).â⬠The purpose of direct action is to create a tension to open the door up for negotiation. If the government does not feel the pressure of change from the people , change is likely to be postponed and neglected. King uses logos to counter argument the clergymenââ¬â¢s claim that the actions at Birmingham were untimely. For example, ââ¬Å"All Christians know that the colored people will receive equal rights eventually, but it is possible that you are in too great a religious hurry (pg. 941).â⬠King counters that claim with the logic that time itself is neutral and can be used either destructively or constructively. Itââ¬â¢s what we do in the time were given that is important. Martin Luther declares that the white power structure left the Black community with no alternative and logically describes the actions the Negro community took and the four basic steps of a nonviolent campaign: collection of the facts to determine whether injustices exist; negotiation; self-purification; and direct action. He supports his claim saying that Negro leaders sought to negotiate with city fathers but they refused to engage in good-faith negotiation. Some merchants agreed to move their storesââ¬â ¢ humiliating racial signs but they briefly remained unseen. As weeks carolegraham197http://www.blogger.com/profile/11719097213085457656noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2592550705310788641.post-15985470002983387512020-05-06T23:56:00.001-07:002020-05-06T23:56:29.829-07:00Graduation Day - 1385 Words ââ¬Å"Graduation Dayâ⬠As the beautiful sky happily accompany sunrays, that shined down on the entrance of the field house where the ceremony of my graduation took place. Someone above must have known it was my graduation day and blessed me with a beautiful day. I was so excited, that the night before the graduation I couldnââ¬â¢t sleep at all. I tossed and turned all night, thinking about the graduation and if heââ¬â¢d even show up. I waited for this moment for four long years and I will make the best of it. The entrance of the field house was filled with students, families, and school officials and conversation was excitedly exchange from one friend to another. I wondered around the place looking for my friends who are already laughing excitedlyâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦My family swarming me with hugs and kisses each giving a statement of approval and yet I felt sad. As the crowd dispersed and gone separate ways to celebrate, I was left with a hollowness. How could sadness be present on such a day that is designated for feeling such happiness, laughter, and joy? Externally I appeared ecstatic but internally I had given up. As we begun to exit the field house along with many other families I had given myself a pep talk. This day was my day and I will make the most of it no matter what. Over all the hollering, I heard a faint but distinct voice call out for me. ââ¬Å"Ashley!â⬠I thought to myself thereââ¬â¢s probably numerous other people with the same name, and I continued to walk. ââ¬Å"Pumpkin.â⬠Someone shouted. That word caught my full attention and a chill had set over my body. I paused, thought about how Iââ¬â¢d react at the sight of him, and began to turn around. Standing a few strides away from me appeared my dad. He was standing the same height as when I last saw him but now with a bit more weight around the waist. His hair combed back, wavy, and as black as ever. Wearing a short sleeve black button up shirt tucked into his dark blue jeans boarded by a leather belt with a large buckle. Worn out, oily, and scuffed boots upon his battered feet and upon his face was a smile. The smile he displayed was the largest Iââ¬â¢ve ever witnessed. His smile reached ear to ear and every pearly white onShow MoreRelatedGraduation Day Essay1303 Words à |à 6 Pages For most people their graduation day is one of the best days of their lives. No more high school, and for some it means that they are now able to move out on their own and embark on t he independent journey of college. In my case my graduation day started out to be a great day but turned out to be one of the worst. It is almost as if I wish I never had a ceremony. If there wasnt graduation ceremony there wouldnt have been an accident. On June 13, 2011, I woke up a happy and excited 17 yearRead MoreMaya Angelou s Graduation Day862 Words à |à 4 PagesWhen an individual hears discouraging comments about themselves, their confidence lowers, however, when a person hears uplifting and encouraging compliments, their confidence rises. These ideas appear multiple times throughout Maya Angelouââ¬â¢s, ââ¬Å"Graduation Dayâ⬠. The story refers to a young girl graduating the eighth grade. Maya Angelou encountered many people who challenged her personal growth because of the words spoken to her. Although common belief states words have no power, words have the powerRead MoreMaya Angelou s Graduation Day1038 Words à |à 5 Pagesgeneral chain of command. It is the power within the words that lends significance to the inspirational speeches and songs held so dearly in the hearts of many. Due to their significant daily presence, words hold an immense power. In Maya Angelouââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"Graduation Day,â⬠she ca refully describes the intense negative power one manââ¬â¢s words have on an entire community. Angelou also illustrates a very emotional positive power that a boyââ¬â¢s words have in lifting the congregationââ¬â¢s spirits up. Words are depicted asRead MoreThe Day Of My High School Graduation Speech1512 Words à |à 7 Pagesand the moment that helped me coming back to the reality. May 24, 2014 was the day of my high school graduation ceremony. I somehow felt unready and uncomfortable inside. I did not want to leave my school, my teachers, and especially my friends. Apart from that, I still wanted to wear my school uniform to school. I am the type of person that doesnââ¬â¢t want to think what to wear to school the next day. It seems like I am a lazy person, but the uniform also gave me the feeling of identity,Read MoreDescriptive Essay On Graduation Day1505 Words à |à 7 Pages Monday, May 16th, graduation day. Itââ¬â¢s 5:37 in the morning and I remember this cause I never wake up earlier than 8 unless I have to, but today I didnââ¬â¢t have to. Itââ¬â¢s the day culminating twelve years of hard work and dedication into a three hour ceremony in which I will actually have to do something with my life other than a routine I believe Iââ¬â¢ve perfected throughout these last four years. I roll over and pick up my phone, a dim light comes t hrough a slit in my window shades just to remind me howRead MoreNarrative Analysis Of Graduation Day772 Words à |à 4 Pagesand books that brought a wide range of ideas to mind to then ink it to the story. Like all story they start with a beginning, setting the scene of the narrative. The starting of this story begins explaining the most important day of every year 12ââ¬â¢s life, Graduation day. Until the story sets the scene of the rest of the story starting off in the past about a young girl starting year 12 along with all her other school friends. Throughout the story there is always a rising action. For example, itRead MoreGraduation Speech : Day And That Moment1248 Words à |à 5 PagesThat day and that moment I remember coming back from school after taking our final exam in geology my best friend who I thought of him as my brother and I. I remember that day as if it was yesterday I still feel like going through the actions over and over every time I go to sleep. It was a really hot day, the sun was so hot and the air was so dry. We meat out side of the school talked about how we performed on our tests and how our answers were. We were joking laughing having fun. Until he saidRead MoreAnalysis Of Graduation Day By Maya Angelou728 Words à |à 3 PagesAre encouraging words the uniting force when fighting injustice? In ââ¬Å"Graduation Day,â⬠Maya Angelou addresses how encouraging words affected the injustice she faced as a child. Angelou informs her audience about the influence encouraging words had on her and the people in her community. These uplifting words united her community in a time of overwhelming bias. Encouraging words unite oppressed people to fight injustice. Spiritual words unite communities to fight injustice and practice in good worksRead More Graduation Speech: No Day But Today Essay965 Words à |à 4 PagesMrs. Meke told me never to start a paper with a dictionary definition, but it only seemed fitting to site Merriam Webster today. Graduation is the act of acceptance of an academic degree or diploma. Never have Merriam and Webster been more off their mark. Graduation is much more than a simple ceremony, it is the culmination of 12 years of work, friendships, and the little moments that still make us smile. High school was more than its name leads you to believe. It wasnââ¬â¢t just school, it taughtRead MoreAn Example of a Graduation Speech653 Words à |à 3 Pageswriting papers, doing homework, taking an occasional pop quiz, and of course taking countless exams, it is that time that we all anticipateâ⬠¦Graduation! Purpose Statement: Since the majority of us are seniors, and graduation is a little less than a month away, I am going to provide you with some historical background information and some fun facts about graduation in order to make the occasion even more meaningful than it already is. Road Map: Most of you could probably agree that high school was carolegraham197http://www.blogger.com/profile/11719097213085457656noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2592550705310788641.post-26561972835558436302020-05-06T08:49:00.001-07:002020-05-06T08:49:56.611-07:00Museum Visit Free Essays The museum was a safe haven for housing art and historical facts of the many cultures all round the world. The Creation Stories at the Michael Carols Museum were fascinating and interesting. My favorite was the ââ¬Å"God Spoke the Earth: Stories of Genesis in Prints and Drawingsâ⬠. We will write a custom essay sample on Museum Visit or any similar topic only for you Order Now The exhibition was narratives from the book of Genesis. Marc Chloral born in 1889 was a F-ranch artist who traveled to Palestine after a 1930. His work was to illustrate stories from the Old Testament. His Jewish heritage lined up with his immediate connection to the Holy Land. There were many in the Holy Land that spoke his native Yiddish and Russian. His lithograph, The Bible II, found in his 2nd series was an expression to accentuate a narrative to the creation story. The painting was that of blues, grays and subtle yellows that evoked the sense of light, water, earth and life emerging but of the firmament. Chloral depicts Adam pulling the forbidden fruit rather than Eve. His painting put emphasis into the virtues of womanhood and female figures. The female images appear in almost every image of the painting. At this time was Chloralââ¬â¢s first exploration into art in a Biblical expression, Hitler came to power over Germany. The Nazi party opposed the work of Chloral and deemed it as a threat to the Western violation. Chloral had a lot at stake being an artist from France exploring Jewish theories. Due to the disapproval, Chloral had to flee to the United States and by the help of an American journalist; he was able to obtain forged Visas to make the journey to the United States. John Waddled Barnes, American artist, born in 1921 and deceased in 2008. His illustrations were in pen and ink wash. His artwork was of the story of Joseph. The art on display was his pieces that reflected the different pieces of Josephs story such as; Jacob interprets the moon devoting son, Joseph, Jacob consoles Rachel, Joseph awake after wedding night, Joseph tries on the coat, Joseph tells dream, Joseph sojourn in the well, Traveling merchants rescue Joseph, Joseph before the Sphinx, The ladies party, Joseph feels from Potashââ¬â¢s wife, Joseph interprets the dream, Meeting of Jacob and Joseph in Egypt. The artwork is beautiful with dark and light colors. The paintings are like sketching that have expressions very felt by the viewer. ââ¬Å"Birth of Cainâ⬠was an engraving piece of art by a Dutch artist, Adrian Collars (1560-?1618). This artwork was at a time were the Protestant Reform in North Europe was occurring. The Council of Trend convened between 1545-?1563 in discussing the reform of the Catholic Church. The key topic was on sacred images being permissible only if it didnââ¬â¢t mislead or corrupt the viewer. In an order for an imagery to be accepted it should encourage the viewer devotion in connection to scripture. The scenes of Genesis depicted a hard life of Godââ¬â¢s creations Adam and Eve. The art was to allow the viewer to experience the agony and hardship that Adam and Eve endured outside of paradise. This reflected Godââ¬â¢s punishment which was painful birth, short life spent in a dangerous and inhospitable land. The ewer was also made aware of the first time an act of violence and malice in the story of Able being murdered by his own brother Cain. Collars wanted the viewer to mediate and have a sense of responsibility and loss that Adam and Eve felt as a result of sin. John Martin (1789-?1854) fourth series print, Adam and Eve hearing the Judgment of the Almighty, was a Mezzanine from 1831. Martin took a series of prints illustrated from the Bible in an effort to repeat the series from that of John Millionââ¬â¢s Paradise Lost. Adam and Eve were rebuked by God represented by rays of light shining from trees at the right: Have you eaten from the tree of which commanded you not to eat? â⬠(Gene. 1) The Seated Buddha of India Peak period was in black stone. It represented touching the earth calling upon the earth goddess as witness to his ability to attain enlightenment. The tree above his halo is a branch of the Booth tree under which he has reached the final stage of spiritual advancement. His throne is a typical lionââ¬â¢s throne which reflects two lions and an elephant at the base. The Egyptian coffin lid was beautifully detailed. It was from the Egyptian dynasty of 1190- 1075 BC- The coffin was of wood, geese, pigment bronze, calcite (Egyptian alabaster). This was uniquely carved. The artist was very artistic in all aspects of the facial features and the perfect carved hands. Tablet with an account Of a Deluge was from the late Babylonian period of 1699-?1600 BC, Nipper Mesopotamia, of clay. The lower portion of the fragment of the clay tablet was written in Sumerian cruciform script and it relates to a tale of flood that destroyed mankind and itââ¬â¢s parallel to the story of Noah in the Bible. I found it fascinating that it reads; ââ¬Å"A flood will I send which will affect all mankind at once. But seek the deliverance before the flood breaks forth for over all living beings. However, many there are will I bring annihilation, destruction and ruin. How to cite Museum Visit, Papers carolegraham197http://www.blogger.com/profile/11719097213085457656noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2592550705310788641.post-86786954598767122972020-04-26T18:02:00.001-07:002020-04-26T18:02:03.435-07:00Societal Values free essay sample We See Society and the Individual Clash When societal expectations clash with individual beliefs and morality, an atmosphere of tension is bound to occur, whether that is within the individual or between the individual and society. Historically, the most volatile issues are centered on this dilemma. The stages right before the revolutionary war when the colonists were deciding whether to declare independence exempli? es this perfectly. In more American and European societies, the individual works for himself and society second, whereas in Middle Eastern and Asian cultures, there is more a tendency to put society as the ?rst priority. Huck Finn encounters this dilemma. Personally, I have come across this dilemma when tempted with things like drugs and alcohol. Many high schoolers succumb to these temptations because it is a lot easier to go with the societal norm, i. e. your friends, than with what you know is right internally. It primarily occurs with his relationship with Jim. We will write a custom essay sample on Societal Values or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page While Jim is Hucks friend, Huck understands the societal norm of looking down upon slaves and expecting that a runaway slave to be turned in to the authorities. Society vs. the individual: who wins? Society Wins and get somebody to go for that gang and get them out of their scrape, so they can be hung when their time comes. (Ch. 13) Social expectationsare everywhere. When people, especially women, see supermodels that are tall and thin, there is a silent expectation that they also need to look like this. The dark side to this industry is the unspoken means to how the women get there. This is where social expectations clash with internal morality. These models know that bulimia and anorexia are not healthy ways to slim down, but society expects that these women will look a certain way. In this case, society wins. In another very famous example, Anne Franks story is where society wins. Though morally one sides with Frank, she was eventually killed by the Nazis. The Nazi society won. In Huck Finn, society wins during the family feud. The two families cant even remember what they are ? ghting over, however in a society that in a way idolizes violence in subtle ways, the families ? ght mindlessly. It even escalates to the point of death. The Individual Wins I was sorry to hear Jim say that, it was such a lowering of him. My conscience got to stirring me up hotter than ever. (Ch. 16) When the individual wins, it is typically against a much larger opponent of the accepted norm. Vigilantes like the KKK or neo-Nazis illustrate this point well. When a society has progressed to the point where racism does not readily exist in everyday life, vigilantes who still have racist tendencies believe that society is wrong. In their mind, by cleansing society of another race, they are doing good. In this case, the individual wins. When Huck decides not to turn Jim in after he struggles with the concept of harboring a runaway slave, the individual wins. Society in the South had been in the clutches of slavery for a very long time. It was accepted that a white person would consider themselves above a slave, therefore turning them in if a slave was known to have runaway. Huck eventually decides against society and continues on with Jim. Society and the Individual Tie he didnt want to go no deeper- didnt want to rob a lot of orphans of everything they had. (Ch. 26) This is the most ambiguous case of society versus an individual. Here, there are two types of winning and losing where both sides win or lose at the same time. This can be because of insight into both sides or insight into neither. Harder to identify cases like polygamists in west Texas, or even a group versus another group like the IsraeliPalestinian con? ict are the primary makeup of this group. Even cases like the prochoice against pro-life debate can seem to the people on each side that society is against them. Other cases like this are incidents that show that a group is within legal rights to do something, however most would agree they arent right in morality. A perfect case is the Westboro Baptist Church. They protest funerals of fallen soldiers to show their disdain for the war. Technically, they can do this, but most look down upon these actions. In Huck Finn, the reader sees this tie at the end of the book when Jim is captured. He is about to be put back into slavery, until we ? nd out Jim is free. Society in a way has won because slavery still continues uninterrupted after this incident. However, the individual wins because in Jims case, he is set free. Here, society and the individual tie. carolegraham197http://www.blogger.com/profile/11719097213085457656noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2592550705310788641.post-43354917815096185512020-03-19T00:29:00.001-07:002020-03-19T00:29:02.238-07:00THE DEATH PENALTY EssayTHE DEATH PENALTY Essay THE DEATH PENALTY Essay Death Penalty in the United States University of Phoenix Human Lifespan Development BSHS/342 Death Penalty in the United States The death penalty has been around since the 13 colonies. The abolishment of death penalty is different for each state. Many states still believe in the death penalty, however; the individuals who receive the death penalty usually sit on death row for a long period of time prior to the execution being carried out. At this time there are 17 states that have abolished the death penalty. Throughout history the death penalty has been carried out by many methods. There are supporting views and opposing views depending upon each state and each individual. The death penalty in the United States is punishable for many different crimes. Some individuals believe the death penalty is a crime itself because it is viewed as murder for murder. History of the Death Penalty Early American settlers brought with them a sense of right and wrong strongly based on British law, which focused on personal retribution. Americans held fast to the notion that humankind was naturally licentious which allowed the barbaric nature of the death penalty at the time to flourish. During the Middle Ages establishing guilt before inflicting punishment gained popularity. Battle, Ordeal, and Compurgation were the influential ways this was determined. However, ââ¬Å"since humans are fallible the risk of executing the innocent can never be eliminated (Amnesty 2012). Soon the government realized that these methods were ineffective. Trial by jury became the most accepted and effective way of establishing guilt between the eighth and eleventh century AD. Italian philosopher Cesare Beccaria published a book which had a strong impact on the views of the American society and the death penalty. In the United States the colonies while holding onto the British influence gained ind ependence from each other as they grew, and the began to adopt subset lists of crimes that qualified for the death penalty. By 1791 The Bill of Rights reflected that capital punishments were not to be inflicted in ways deemed cruel and unusual. This left much open to interpretation. By the beginning of the nineteenth century America was effectively torn on capital punishment. It came down to seeing the world differently. Half believed that criminals were a product of their environment and even genetic defects which elicited sympathy, and the other half believed that criminals made choices based on their inability to escape some deeply engrained need and desire to do wrong therefore, society was better without them. Soon the death penalty became privatized and the ritualistic act of revenge was no longer as personal. New ways of inflicting the death penalty were created that reflected societies ever-growing need to reduce the barbaric nature of the penalty. The civil rights movement of the 1960ââ¬â¢s was not effective in dismissing the death penalty altogether, however the movement did allow states to rewrite what acts should be considered for the penalty. As of today many states still exercise, the right to inflict the death penalty for acts deemed worthy of the punishment. Where the Death Penalty is Legal and Not Legal The death penalty is allowed in more than 50% of the United States. There are only 17 states that have abolished the death penalty at this time. Of those 17 states, within the last five years, five states have recently decided against the death penalty (Death Penalty Information Center, 2012). The most recent state abolishing the death penalty is Connecticut, which abolished the death penalty on April 25, 2012 by Connecticutââ¬â¢s governor. However with the abolishment of the death penalty in only 17 states, the states that do allow the death penalty do not usually carry out the executions timely. Many of the individuals waiting for his or her execution remain locked up on death row. Recently, the time carolegraham197http://www.blogger.com/profile/11719097213085457656noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2592550705310788641.post-65004447646585894352020-03-02T16:13:00.001-08:002020-03-02T16:13:03.138-08:005 Sentences Requiring Hyphenated Phrasal Adjectives5 Sentences Requiring Hyphenated Phrasal Adjectives 5 Sentences Requiring Hyphenated Phrasal Adjectives 5 Sentences Requiring Hyphenated Phrasal Adjectives By Mark Nichol When two or more words team up to describe something, theyââ¬â¢re usually hyphenated to make their symbiotic relationship clear. Each of the following sentences contains a phrasal adjective that should be linked with one or more hyphens; each example is followed by a brief discussion and a revision. 1. Their affair wasnââ¬â¢t exactly the best kept secret. This sentence refers to a secret that is the best kept, not a kept secret that is better than any other, so link the phrasal adjective together: ââ¬Å"Their affair wasnââ¬â¢t exactly the best-kept secret.â⬠2. The company conducted an information security risk assessment earlier this year. What type of assessment occurred? A risk assessment about information security, or an assessment about information-security risk? Either analysis is correct, but at least one hyphen is required, no matter which interpretation is favored: ââ¬Å"The company conducted an information-security risk assessment earlier this yearâ⬠and ââ¬Å"The company conducted an information-security-risk assessment earlier this year.â⬠(Both work, but the former alternative is simpler.) 3. Smith is widely revered for being the most high profile member of the Mormon faith in America. This sentence seems to imply that of all the profile members of the Mormon church, Smith is the one most intoxicated by drugs. A hyphen linking high and profile eliminates any confusion about the meaning of the statement: ââ¬Å"Smith is widely revered for being the most high-profile member of the Mormon faith in America.â⬠4. The rare book dealer has been in business for as long as I can remember. Does this sentence refer to one of the few book dealers or to a dealer in rare books? The latter reading is more likely, but eliminate doubt by hyphenating rare and book: ââ¬Å"The rare-book dealer has been in business for as long as I can remember.â⬠5. We analyzed the entire play on a scene by scene basis. The phrasal adjective ââ¬Å"scene by sceneâ⬠should be hyphenated: ââ¬Å"We analyzed the entire play on a scene-by-scene basis.â⬠(Alternatively, simplify the sentence to ââ¬Å"We analyzed the entire play scene by sceneâ⬠; try this approach for time frames, too, as by replacing ââ¬Å"on an annual basisâ⬠with annually.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Math or Maths?15 Types of DocumentsThe "Pied" in The Pied Piper carolegraham197http://www.blogger.com/profile/11719097213085457656noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2592550705310788641.post-11584683754385050452020-02-15T07:40:00.001-08:002020-02-15T07:40:02.921-08:00Music Appreciation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 wordsMusic Appreciation - Essay Example Studying the different time periods such as the Renaissance, Baroque period, Classical period, all these time periods contributed in different ways to the music we have today. Take for example, the kind of music that was played in the Baroque period. Music at that time lacked coherent melody, was filled with unremitting dissonances, constantly changed key and meter, and speedily ran through every compositional device. Look at the Classical period as well. Music during this time was balanced. Nothing was too fast or too slow, or too loud, or too soft. The texture of this type of music was lighter and clearer than Baroque music and less complex. Variety of keys, melodies, rhythms and dynamics along with frequent changes of mood and timbre were more commonplace in the Classical period than they had been in the Baroque. One thing that amazes me is that back in these different eras, there was a distinct type of music that most people played, what was acceptable. In the baroque, it was fas t music, in the Classical time, it was orchestrated music. In the Renaissance period, there was the development of respect for rhythm and sense of the words in texting. However, in our modern time and day, you have not necessarily just one type of music that is being played or dominant, but many different kinds, and a combination of all these different rhythms make me really appreciate the generation that we live in. This can be seen in the hit charts, in music that comes out today. Look at Alicia Keys, her music is an incorporation of both classical music and pop with a slight jazzy feeling to it. Another good example is of bands, such as One Republic. When they released their single, ââ¬Å"Apologizeâ⬠, there was incorporation of their classical music instruments, and the song in itself was a very emotional song filled with meaning. This realization helps me realize that just like how we are progressing, unlike before where people were more narrow-minded and only open to thei r own ideas but now we see a blending of all these different forms of music, we should be learning from the past. We should take the good and leave the bad, and bring all these good ideas together to form disciplines that will change our lives for the better. We should take the different music from different cultures and bring it together to form songs that will unite us as one and help us grow. These days, people tend to look more to Western music as the ââ¬Å"idealâ⬠, whatever is being done in western music, is what should be followed, but I believe this is wrong. Every culture has a rich background that they can bring to the table. I think we should learn to embrace our uniqueness, and stop trying to urge everyone to be like us. Weââ¬â¢re connected across the planet. We can share the views of people on music, the arts, and culture via a wide array of internet-available nets capes, blogs, and interactive venues. We can access the musical world easily, purchase it, and dow nload it. We can learn it by listening to sources, and asking questions of it, interactively. Weââ¬â¢re also connected to cultures living locallyââ¬âat home, within our families, schools, and communities. There we can quite easily make the effort to know the children we teach, the human resources that are available to give support to our teaching efforts, and the music-makers that range from the occasional and carolegraham197http://www.blogger.com/profile/11719097213085457656noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2592550705310788641.post-35389669383959663242020-02-02T06:11:00.001-08:002020-02-02T06:11:03.549-08:00Special Interests Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 wordsSpecial Interests - Essay Example On the other hand, they also take note of the legislative process and the bill making process. This enables them to influence the executive, legislature, and judiciary (Wilson, 2009). This has proved significant in the country. Some of the groups have limited following while others enjoys vast membership. This has been the case in United States. This paper seeks to focus on interest groups. An interest group consists of people sharing a goal mostly of influencing the government and lawmakers (American Government, n.d.). The purpose is to offer linkage either to the lawmakers or executive. Such groups further their policies in a different arena. Moreover, such group aims to manipulate public opinion, elections, and public policy (American Government, n.d.). Their focus is to influence the government through various ways. The main ways of influence are through lobbying, donation, financial pledge, and volunteering. These groups do not engage in profit making activities. Moreover, they represent a narrow focus on their intended purposes, and hence they do not represent the general population (Wilson, 2009). Interest groups are myriad in United States today. They also exist in different forms. Some have a vast membership while others only have limited membership. This sometimes depends on available resources. In America, several interest groups exist. Examples of such interest groups include the National Manufacturers Association, AFL-CIO, American Farm Bureau Federation, American Medical Association, American Bar Association, American Civil Liberties Union, Sierra Club, National Council of Churches, Common Cause, Public Citizen, National Governors Association, American Legion and Veterans of Foreign Wars, and Association for the Advancement of Retired Persons (American Government, n.d.). These groups represent the interest of profession, field, or a group of people. These interest groups have attracted serious debates in the United States for time. These debates r evolve the merits and demerits of such groups. There exist a strong relationship between interest groups and political parties. This is seen in various aspects, in the United States. The first most important link is the way in which interest group fund political parties during electioneering period. The contributions are made through the Political Action Committees (PACs). Most of the fund is provided to the congress. This is because most of these groups have interest as to which party has the majority of seats in congress. This helps these groups in ensuring that their policies focus is taken care of in the congress. However, such donations are meant to have a little impact on the political side (Brunell, 2005). This ensure this through provision of support to the incumbent as they require little amount of money to seek reelection. These groups show preference to the party according to their interest. For example, the labor groups prefer the democrats while the corporate side prefe rs the republicans (Hays, 2001). However, PACs provide money across the political divides. Nevertheless, the pattern of donations appears to be skewed towards one side. This happens to either the democrats or republicans. Throughout history, campaign in the United States appears to be a costly affair. This has made it possible for overreliance by the congress on funding from the interest groups. However, they also rely on individual contribution, but contribution from the carolegraham197http://www.blogger.com/profile/11719097213085457656noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2592550705310788641.post-36247483495379006062020-01-25T02:35:00.001-08:002020-01-25T02:35:02.347-08:00Knute Rockne - Coach And Legend Of Notre Dame Essay -- essays research Knute Rockne - Coach and Legend of Notre Dame Knute Kenneth Rockne was born on March 4, 1888 in Voss, Norway. He first moved to Chicago at the age of 5. Nobody liked him there, and he was in many fights. Before football or even baseball, Knute discovered skiing.à He loved it, and went skiing every chance he got during the winter. Knute was a natural athlete, and excelled in all of the sports he tried. He excelled in track, making a name for himself later on. Although he was always one of the shortest guys around, Knute was one of the toughest. The only protective gear he ever wore was adhesive tape that he stuck to his ears to prevent them from being torn off. Knute often said "Show me a good and gracious loser and I'll show you a failure." Knute discovered the great game of football at the age of 7. He played in games against other teams his age. The team he played on was called the Tricky Tigers. All of the teams were "sandlot" teams. Knute could not get enough of the sport. He praticed every chance he got. In fact, the other boys thought him crazy for practicing so much. This obsession almost got him an education. Knute never made the starting team until he was a senior, so he played on the scrubs team. At the same time, Knute tried playing many other sports. His school attendance slipped and his grades became mediocre. Persistence paid off, and after 3 years on the scrubs, Knute finally made it to the starting football team. After this successful senior football season, it was time for him to leave high school. It was a wonder that he got into Notre Dame with his high school record. At the age of 22, Rockne decided that he wanted to fulfill a dream. That dream was to become a pharmacist and to eventually own his own drug store. Two of Knute's friends gained acceptance to a small college in South Bend, Indiana called Notre Dame.à Knute decided to try to get into this same school, although his high school grades were dismal. He was accepted, but his parents were not fond of the idea of him going to a Catholic school, as they themselves were practicing Lutherans. However, they did not forbid him to go. Interestingly, Notre Dame was not Rockney's first college choice. For years he had saved and planned to go to the University of Illinois. Knute had not even planned on playing football in college. That decision would have resulted i... ...! Practice makes perfect and perfect practice makes a winning team." One of his most innovative ideas was the Notre Dame Shift'. This was when the entire backfield would move all to oneside of the ball before the ball was snapped. This really screwed up the defenders and it worked a lot for ND. "Knute was the most innovative and charismic coaches of his era." The Cleavland Press called him "the Buffalo Bill of his generation." In his last game as coach he defied his doctorsà orders and went to the field. The players looked on in horror when the man they thought might die in front of them told them to win or watch him die. Rockne ended his career with the greatest all time % of .881: 105 wins,12 losses, 5 ties, 6 national championships and 5 undefeated seasons. Rokne tragically died in a plane crash a the age of 43. Studebaker named a car after him and the U.S. government named a ship after him. Will Rogers put it best when he said, " It takes a big calamity to shock a country all at once, but Knute, you did it. You died one of our national heroes. Notre Dame was your address, but every gridiron in america was your home."(needs to be proofread) carolegraham197http://www.blogger.com/profile/11719097213085457656noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2592550705310788641.post-84509827586563136072020-01-16T22:57:00.001-08:002020-01-16T22:57:04.049-08:00Ecological Systems Theory EssayAs I was growing up, I always heard of the expression that ââ¬Å"people are a product of their environmentâ⬠. I never gave this expression much thought until I got older and became more aware of my surroundings and my own environment. Personally, I feel that there is some truth to this statement. A personââ¬â¢s environment is very influential to their development. A famous psychologist that studied child development, Dr. Urie Bronfenbrenner, developed the ecological systems theory to show how a childââ¬â¢s development can be influenced by their environment. Dr. Bronfenbrenner felt that ââ¬Å"a personââ¬â¢s development is the product of a constellation of forces-cultural, social, economic, political- and not merely psychological onesâ⬠(Fox, 2005, para 6). According to an article by Nancy Darling of Oberlin College, ââ¬Å"Ecological Systems Theory is presented as a theory of human development in which everything is seen as interrelated and our knowledge of develo pment is bounded by context, culture, and historyâ⬠(Darling, 2007, p. 204). The Ecological Systems Theory consists of five levels of the environment that are influential to a childââ¬â¢s development. These five levels are the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and the chronosystem. These five levels each contribute significantly and helps to mold an individual which can affect their personality, the way they think, and who they are as a person overall. The first level, the microsystem, consists of the immediate environment that the child is in on a daily basis (Oswalt, 2008). The microsystem would include a childââ¬â¢s immediate family, teachers, neighbors, daycare, school, and peers or anyone who a child or individual interacts with directly on a daily basis. The microsystem is important to a childââ¬â¢s development because if the environment they are around on a daily basis is stable, nurturing, and caring, then that child will likely model the same behavior. However, if the child is in an environment where they are neglected and abused or see violence, this can have an influence on their behavior and cause them to become affected by this negative environment. For example, if a child is surrounded by a family who is violent and does not pay much attention to their needs, neighbors that use profanity, and aggressive peers, then this child is exposed to more negative than positive behaviors. This can cause the child to model what they are exposed to, which is negativity. However, if the same child is in an environment where the family is nurturing, the teachers are welcoming and encourage learning, and itsââ¬â¢ peers display positive social skills, then the child is exposed to positive behavior and is more likely to display positive behavior than negative. This level is closest to the child and is the most influential level of the ecological system (Paquette & Ryan, 2001). The next level of the ecological systems theory is the mesosystem. The mesosystem consists of how the people in the childââ¬â¢s microsystem interact with each other. The mesosystem is the connection, or the relationship, between the parents and the teachers or the child and their peers, to name a few. For example, if the childââ¬â¢s parents have a good relationship with his or her teacher and are involved with their education, this can help encourage learning and promote good behavior and good grades at school. If the parents are not involved at school and do not interact with the childââ¬â¢s teacher regularly, the child may feel as if education is not important and may display poor behavior and grades at school, which affects their learning. The ecological systems theory also includes the exosystem. The exosystem consists of people that the child may not interact with on a daily basis but still has an influence on that child such as their neighbors, a coach, a preacher. The exosystem could also consist of situations that may happen to the parents that indirectly affects the child such as promotions or layoffs at work. A promotion or layoff at work determines how the child will be taken care of and impacts their physical needs (Oswalt, 2008). This type of situation can be either negative or positive for the child. A preacher or a coach can be looked upon as a role model or mentor to the child and can be very influential to a child and their development. The last two levels of the ecological systems theory are the macrosystem and the chronosystem. The macrosystem consists of cultures, values, and laws. The macrosystem ââ¬Å"describes the culture in which individuals liveâ⬠(Santrock, 2007). The macrosystem has much to do with what is going on in society and how it affects the child. For example, a recession, a war, how society views gender roles, and the childââ¬â¢s family values, can all greatly affect the development of a child. This can influence how a child feels about the government, its views on war, or what the child grows up to value. The chronosystem is life events that can alter or change how the child feels about certain things or situations. For example, any transition such as a death of a parent, a birth of another child, or a divorce can change the views of a child. Bronfenbrennerââ¬â¢s ecological theory of development has helped to shape my development because as I was a young child, my parents were affectionate and nurturing towards myself and my siblings, we were raised in a positive, stable, and structured environment, and my parents supported a good education and were involved with our teachers in school. The way my parents raised me has helped me to become a great mother to my son. I try to make sure that the people in his microsystem that he deals with directly are positive in order to help him develop and grow into a positive individual. I consider myself to be nurturing and supportive towards my son. We have a good relationship and I try to raise him a positive environment as well. I instill in him, the values that my parents instilled in me. Since my levels in the ecological system were positive as I was growing up, I feel that it has influenced me to become a well-rounded individual. It has helped me to have morals, values, and sel f-respect. The levels in my ecological system have influenced me to value education and to want to pursue an education on the graduate level. Because I take my role as a mother seriously, I want to offer my son the best life possible. This means that I have to be a great provider for him, which includes having a stable job that pays well and working in a career that I enjoy. I have always enjoyed learning about child development and I currently work with children in the mental health field. Obtaining a masterââ¬â¢s degree will help me to be able to develop and grow personally and more professionally so that I can be a better provider for my family as well as get a job in the field that I wish to pursue. My career goals include working with children and adolescents either in the school system, as a child psychologist or social worker, or in the juvenile justice field. In the future, I hope to continue working with children directly, as a part of their microsystem, in order to make a differenc e and be a positive influence to them, as individuals in my microsystem were to me. So, is it safe to say that ââ¬Å"people are a product of their environment?â⬠I think Dr. Urie Bronfenbrenner did a good job of showing that this can be true by developing the ecological systems theory. However, we still have to be aware of the fact that although a childââ¬â¢s environment is very influential to their development, they have the power to change, or transition, their thoughts and beliefs. We must remember that a personââ¬â¢s beliefs systems can also be affected by experiences and situations that they encounter throughout life. So, yes our environment is very influential to our development, but we do not have to be a product of our environment since we are able to make changes within ourselves to become who we want to be. References Darling, N. (2007). Ecological Systems Theory: The Person in the Center of the Circles. p. 204. Retrieved December 20, 2012 from http://www.uamont.edu/facultyweb/brown/PSY4683/Darling(2007).pdf Fox, M. (2005). Urie Bronfenbrenner; renowned authority on child development. New York Times News Service. Retrieved December 20, 2012 from http://www.utsandiego.com/uniontrib/20051002/news_mz1j2urie.html Oswalt, A. (2008). Urie Bronfenbrenner and Child Development. Retrieved December 21, 2012 from http://www.mentalhelp.net/poc/view_doc.php?type=doc&id=7930&cn=28 Paquette, D. & Ryan, J. (2001). Bronfenbrennerââ¬â¢s Ecological Systems Theory. Retrieved December 20, 2012 from http://people.usd.edu/~mremund/bronfa.pdf Santrock, J. (2007). Bronfenbrennerââ¬â¢s Ecological Systems Theory. Retrieved December 20, 2012 from http://impactofspecialneeds.weebly.com/bronfenbrennerrsquos-ecological-systems-theory.html carolegraham197http://www.blogger.com/profile/11719097213085457656noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2592550705310788641.post-29802166456381846712020-01-08T19:20:00.001-08:002020-01-08T19:20:03.424-08:00Medical Marijuana has been an issue that has been... Medical Marijuana has been an issue that has been occurring and is present on a domestic level. In many ways it is a phenomena that has essentially been integrated across multiple platforms. This includes the application that is present and associated with full legalization. Although states have implemented many regulatory measures, the macro level effect that this has upon the youth has not been fully investigated. Marijuana does however have negative effects upon cognitive development for young adults. This is something that must be taken into consideration when looking to specifically promote a precise strategy that has the ability to be present. As a result Medical Marijuana laws should focus on increasing the age limit from 18 to theâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Policy Topic and Goals The Policy topic is based upon extending the age for those that can have access to medical marijuana until they are 21. Any exception to this new standard can only occur with parental consent if u nder the age of 18, and the individual is determinate to be terminally ill with less than six months of age. The goals are to create an objectified standard that can be applied to protect younger adults developmental processes. Specifically the negative implications on brain development that marajuana can have, must be eliminated. The policy looks to create a safer standard that can be applied to assist those that are in need, and to limit the effect of any developmental consequences that can be associated with medical marijuana use amongst this segment. When this goal is achieved, many of the damaging physiological effects of the drug can be limited. Evidence base to support The evalaution of the literature will look to imply an integrated approach that can be effectively utilized to promote the application of change. This is something that has the ability to be applied to justify the proposal that the age limit increase. The paper however suggests that there should be specialized circumstances in terms of terminal illness where individuals under the age of 21 have the ability to access medical marijuana. 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The paper was originally commissioned by the United Nations International Drug Control Programme (UNDCP)Read MoreEssay about Alcoholism and Drug Addiction17765 Words à |à 72 PagesFORWARDING CERTIFICATE Ms Bandana Grover has been permitted to write a project on ââ¬Å"Alcoholism and Drug Addictionâ⬠for B.A. LL.B. (Hons) Internal Evaluation of Amity Law School, Sector ââ¬â 125, Noida, AUUP. Date: 10th October 2011 Ms. Mokshdha Bhushan Lecturer Amity Law School AUUP Noida - 201301 Introduction Alcoholism and Drug Addiction may be conceptualized as crime without victim that is, addict himself is the victim who becomes a prey of its misuse. This carolegraham197http://www.blogger.com/profile/11719097213085457656noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2592550705310788641.post-91234851103583409972019-12-31T15:46:00.001-08:002019-12-31T15:46:02.534-08:00The Impact Of Teaching Schools On The Quality Of Teaching... Consider the impact of Teaching Schools on the quality of teaching and learning in primary schools. You should also consider how the recent curriculum and assessment changes might impact on how schools work in collaboration. The aim of this essay is to look at the current policies and initiatives linked to partnership working and their implications for school. Understanding the professional skills necessary to promote effective partnership working will also be analysed. This essay will also evaluate the impact of Teaching Schools on the quality of teaching and learning. The background of inter-school partnership is complex and covers a wide range of different types of collaborative activities both formal and informal (sometimes a combination of both). It can involve schools of different key stages and types. Additionally, there are many reasons with varying timelines and with different degrees of success in regards to sustainability and impact, in school collaborations. Partnership working is an important element when planning for learning, teaching and assessment. According to The White Paper The Importance of Teaching (DfE, 2010) when schools work together, along the best, it leads to better results. Evidence by Chapman Muijs (2014) suggest that the impact on student outcomes is greater in performance partnerships especially where high performing schools partner with low performing schools. They also found that the partnership effect on student outcomes wereShow MoreRelatedI Have Worked In Education For Ten Years, Eight As An Algebra1679 Words à |à 7 PagesPrincipal at New Braunfels High School. Education has been a passion of mind since becoming the first person in my family to graduate from high school and obtaining my Bachelor s degree from Texas State University. Most of my days consist of guiding students in their education endeavor and supporting educators with instruction and delivery in the school setting. This document is my beliefs on what is important for schools to be successful in improving teaching and learning. Using practiced researchRead MoreEvaluating Strategic Plan And Innovative Ideas For Teaching Essay1487 Words à |à 6 Pages SUMMARY Every single School has its own experience, the way of teaching, learning and thinking has taken place to the process for giving a teaching to the student it also impact on the schools region. Now the growing generation as well as the trend is also effected the school. New technology has entered into the classes like smart classis its good impact but as well as the completion is very tough. People are very conscious about new technics of study, so we will provide different type of knowledgeRead MoreThe Concept Of E Learning Inclusion Into An Education Essay1555 Words à |à 7 PagesThe Concept of e-learning inclusion into an education begins with the teacher and the manner in which they teach. A simple explanation of the view is that the teacher is the final authority and source of knowledge.The problem for many teachers is transition of teaching in manner than accommodate the use of technology. Mining how they have previously been teaching with the use of technology which gives bi rth to e-learning. In e-learning, Technology is simply a mean that teachers may use in differentRead MoreImportance of School Plant to the Teaching-Learning Process1505 Words à |à 7 Pagesexamines school plant and its importance to teaching and learning in the school system. It begins with a brief overview of school plant and relates it to educational planning. It then examines school plant as a concept and explains the teaching learning process. Five (5) importance of school plant are then explained. The paper ends with a conclusion highlighting the main points of the paper. INTRODUCTION It has been observed that many schools are now paying more attention to their school plantRead More20th and 21st Century Classroom Management Pioneers Essay1141 Words à |à 5 Pageswith doing low-quality school work and unwilling to make an effort to learn. Glasser states schools will not improve until they accomplish three things: 1. Provide a curriculum that is attractive to students. Over half of todayââ¬â¢s students our not committed to learning when they find the school experience boring, frustrating or unsatisfying. Students learn better when they have an interest in the subject or learning is made fun. Curriculum should be limited to learning that is usefulRead MoreEven though Zimbabwe has the highest literacy rates in Africa, the high school pass rate remains at1600 Words à |à 7 PagesZimbabwe has the highest literacy rates in Africa, the high school pass rate remains at an unprecedented low, less than 25%. 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Introduction Australia, like most developed nations, has seen dramatic educationalRead MoreThe Duty Of Any Teachers883 Words à |à 4 PagesIntroduction The duty of any teachers is first and primary to promote learning in their students. Ideally, students are then able to develop the knowledge and skills they have learned and apply them in a novel situation. In this sense, teachers are promoting authentic learning within their classrooms. However, due to enormous pressure to pass and get high scores in the standardized test, many teachers have begun to employ test preparation practices that are usually not in the interest of studentsRead MoreBackground And Summative Assessment And Their Impact On Educators Work1712 Words à |à 7 Pages which support all the studentsââ¬â¢ learning. This week, builds on the previous assignment while focusing on the importance of assessments. Assessments matter for both learning and teaching. The assignment is based on the videos ââ¬Å"Rick Wormeli: Formative and Summative Assessmentâ⬠and ââ¬Å"TEDxSoCal ââ¬â Dr. Brian Stecher ââ¬â Cultivating Thriving Schools.â⬠Both videos used in this assignment study the function accountability plays and its impact on educatorsââ¬â¢ work in schools. In his video, Stecher (2011) discussesRead MoreTeaching in Australia1785 Words à |à 7 Pagesï » ¿Teaching: Complexities In Teachers Work In Australia The objective of this study is to discuss important complexities in teachers work. According to Churchill, et al (2013) The commitment to teaching brought to the studies and careers of teachers confirms that todays teachers and teachers previously genuinely love to learn and have a great desire to teach. Churchill et al (2013) states that this deep commitment to humanity and making a difference in the lives of the next generation are among carolegraham197http://www.blogger.com/profile/11719097213085457656noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2592550705310788641.post-35324909178903462732019-12-23T11:32:00.001-08:002019-12-23T11:32:04.056-08:00Periclesââ¬â¢ Funeral Oration Athenian Exceptionalism Essay The first year of fighting between Athens and Sparta is drawing to a close. As is customary during war, Athens holds a public funeral to both celebrate and mourn their fallen soldiers. Such ceremonies typically featured an oration given by a respected Athenian ââ¬â with this yearââ¬â¢s coming from renowned statesmen Pericles. Previous orations had focused on celebrating the Athenian military by recounting their trials and accomplishments. Pericles decided to depart from this convention, believing it was no longer novel, nor necessary, ââ¬Å"That part of our history which tells of the military achievements which gave us our several possessions, or of the ready valor with which either we or our fathers stemmed the tide of Hellenic or foreignâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Pericles takes time to laud democracy as a form of government. He believes the division of political power equally amongst citizens inevitably leads to laws that benefit the Athenian people as a whole. This in turn increase overall equality, and by extension, social mobility. Such a government is a just government in the eyes of Pericles, and thus, a shining example of Athenian superiority. ââ¬Å"[Athensââ¬â¢] administration favors the many instead of the few; this is why it is called a democracy. If we look to the laws, they afford equal justice to all in their private differences; if no social standing, advancement in public life falls to reputation for capacity, class considerations not being allowed to interfere with merit; nor again does poverty bar the way, if a man is able to serve the state, he is not hindered by the obscurity of his condition.â⬠(2.37.1). Though a democratic government is great in theory, without educated and capable voters itââ¬â¢s potentially inefficient and incompetent. However, Athenian democracy thrives due to an informed public. Accordingly, so does the society it governs. ââ¬Å"Our public men have, besides politics, their private affairs to attend to, and our ordinary citizens, though occupied with the pursuits of industry, are still fair judges of public matters; for, unlike any other nation, regarding him who takes no part in these duties not as unambitious but as useless, we Athenians are able to judge at all events if we cannotShow MoreRelatedWhat Defines Greekness? What It Is Greekness? Essay2285 Words à |à 10 Pagesthe city-states of Attica and the Persian empire (between 492 - 480 BCE). Herodotus tells of the Spartan envoy receiving word from Athens that there are a great many reasons why Hellas being under Persian rule would not be ideal. Per Herodotus the Athenians respond with: ââ¬Å"first and foremost, the burning and destruction of the â⬠¦ temples of our godsâ⬠¦, and next the kinship of all Greeks in blood and speech, and the shrines of gods and the sacrifices that we have in common, and the likeness of our way of carolegraham197http://www.blogger.com/profile/11719097213085457656noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2592550705310788641.post-86814087485176237722019-12-15T08:02:00.001-08:002019-12-15T08:02:03.629-08:00One Flew Over the Cuckooââ¬â¢s Nest Review Free Essays a) Charismatic Leader: McMurphy shows characteristics of a charismatic leader in various ways. McMurphy is transferred to a mental institution for evaluation after he had been convicted of statutory rape. When McMurphy gets to the institution, he feels as the institution is very supressed and has a strict regimen that everyone is expected to follow. We will write a custom essay sample on One Flew Over the Cuckooââ¬â¢s Nest: Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now Unpleasant medical treatments are used to supress the patients. When McMurphy sees this, he realizes that the environment needs to be lightened up and the patients should be treated like real people. He becomes a leader to several patients at the institution teaching them how to have fun and enjoy themselves in an environment that doesnââ¬â¢t allow them to do so. McMurphy convinces his friends to enjoy themselves by playing cards, breaking out of their shell, and watch baseball games. The patients follow his footsteps and hope to be like him as he displays such charisma that people want to conform and have the confidence he has. This example is evident when the patients are sent up for shock therapy which many patients are afraid of. McMurphy goes up for the treatment and comes back down assuring the patients that the therapy has only charged him up for the next women he will be with. McMurphy also challenges Mildred to change the ward policy which furiates her as no other patient has ever had the courage to. b) Alienation/Outsiders: The patients within the mental institution are alienated from the outside world. They are considered the people who are looking from the outside in. The Institutions head Nurse Mildred treats the patients in a harsh manner, not as If they were people. These people havenââ¬â¢t experienced life to their fullest due to where they are but they still want to enjoy their life. When they look outside they realize the world has much to offer but they are alienated by being contained within the facility. They are also not allowed many visitors which is essentially alienating them from the outside world. c) Rebellion against social norms: When McMurphy realizes what he has gotten himself into as well as seeing his fellow patients he decides to rebel the social norms within the facility. The patients begin to drink, lay cards and bet cigarettes which Nurse Mildred gets furious, evident when she confiscates the cigarettes and rations them out. McMurphy also steals the hospital bus and gathers his friends to pick up a party girl. The group also parties one night sneaking in two female visitors with alcohol and enjoy the night away even though McMurphy has a plan of escaping which fails as he is drunk and fatigued. One of the patients even loses his virginity within the facility which is frowned upon. The rebellious attitude gets the patients into a lot of trouble especially McMurphy as the patients were ââ¬Å"well-behavedâ⬠but now are not. ) Changing Group Dynamics: Before McMurphy arrived, the group of patients who were previously present were very ââ¬Å"well-behavedâ⬠as Nurse Mildred would say. They followed rules and strict regimen that was provided without questioning anything. They took any punishment and also agreed to unusual medical treatments that were said to help the patients even though they were just a method to suppress them. The patients were very unhappy but just followed the orders that were given as no one had the courage to stand-up. When McMurphy came along, with his Charismatic and daring personality, the patients wanted to conform and be more like him so that they could live their life to the fullest while being contained within a facility. The patients forgot what life was like outside the facility but when McMurphy came along he proved that life could be lived the way you wanted to no matter where you are. e) Authorityââ¬â¢s response to rebellion: Nurse Mildred tried to contain the rebellious behaviour by increasing the unusual treatment like shock and hydro therapy. She confiscates cigarettes and does not allow freedom to the patients. When patient Billy is found with a girl in a room within the facility she threatens to tell his mother, using the method of embarrassing the patient so he will regret what he has done and straighten up and refuse to rebel but unfortunately Billy takes his own life. She tightens her grip on the group and has ââ¬Å"humiliation sessionsâ⬠which furiates many patients but they donââ¬â¢t defend themselves. After a thorough examination of various facilities, I have come to the onclusion that many of these facilities treat their patients in a harsh manner which is completely unnecessary as it may stall the improvement of their current mental state. Mental institutions are meant to aid patients positively and help them become better physically and mentally. As an advocate to reform mental institutions, I propose changing various methods of treatments used on patients as well as the atmosphere they are treated in, to help the patient becoming better rather than worse. The first change I propose is changing the decor of the building. Patients come to the institution to get better. It is proven that visuals and colours affect moods. By changing decor and colours we can make the institution visually seem like a positive atmosphere rather than a dingy one. The second change I would propose is the change in attitude amongst the workers. In the film the staff was shown as a strict, very harsh group. The attitude greatly affects the people you work with and how they respond to you. In the movie the patients were very fearful and quiet due to the intense rules and regulations. As a staff it would be appropriate to make patients to feel at home as they might be staying at the institution for a while. Exuding positive behaviour will change the atmosphere itself. Patients with mental health issues need the positivity around them to get better as well as feel comfortable with being themselves. The third idea I would like to propose is that staff is not allowed to conduct unnecessary treatments to supress the patients just so they will behave. This stalls the improvement in health and just causes fear amongst patients. As said before mental institutions are supposed to aid patients not make them worse. And absolutely NO LOBOTOMY! This is a very serious matter and it will not be tolerated. If a patient is to show rowdy behaviour, he shall be placed in a room alone to think about his actions and if unable to do so they will be given medication so they do not pose a threat to anyone else within the facility. The fourth idea I would like to propose is that, the patients should be allowed visitations and also be allowed to go out. Staying in one place can cause a person to become depressed and feel lonely. This can also provoke thoughts of escaping as seen within the movie. Exploring the outside world and enjoying the world as a human being will allow the patient to feel that they are not contained but are very much like normal human beings. The Last idea I would like to propose is allow ââ¬Å"free daysâ⬠. Free days allow patients to enjoy themselves such as smoke, drink and party within the facility. A designated room with supervision would allow the patients to enjoy themselves with food, music, drinks. Having these ideas would help the facility work smoothly as possible, with barely any acts of rebelling and any serious issues. The movie could act as an agent of social change and reform as the movie excellently portrays what can happen when patients are in a supressed environment. Patients are people and they have all the rights that people outside the institution do. By watching this movie people can see how such repression can cause patients to act out and this can be used as a precautionary device to see what can be changed in mental health institutions to make them better. Mental institutions can make note on the staff and how facility works and instead of using it as a guide, they can make the institution better. Nurse Mildred and her staff are very strict which doesnââ¬â¢t help the patients if they reformed to a kinder, gentler approach to patients with a positive attitude will help their institution for the best. Personally I enjoyed watching the movie as it displayed the hard truth about some institutions and it made it evident that the institution that was portrayed is in fact a very much part of reality. Many institutions during that period of time or even today may be like that which is very sad. Personally I love Jack Nicholson and his portrayal of the character of McMurphy was very convincing. Nicholson, a charming persona on his own, made the character McMurphy very lovable and understanding even though the crime he was convicted of in the beginning may beg to differ. The charisma Nicholson displayed made it evident why he was chosen to play McMurphy. I felt as he was a very relatable character as a charismatic leader. The portrayal of Nurse Mildred Ratched was also very good. The intense, raw persona portrayed by Louise Fletcher made her seem like in reality she was indeed the same person as Mildred. The intensity between McMurphy and Ratched was totally believable. As for the story, I felt like it was very touching. An individual trying to help others realize their own potential and enjoy themselves within a contained environment with mishaps along the way just depicts the reality of life and friendship. McMurphy realized and felt the fear amongst his colleagues and decided it was time for change. With his rebellious ideas, attitudes and actions he captivates the hearts of his friends and viewers making them want to be more like him; outgoing and courageous. Although the ending is very sad resulting in the death of McMurphy after having a lobotomy, he leaves his legacy, showing the other patients that there is not point of being afraid, life is too short so you must enjoy it to the fullest not matter where you are. I felt like many characters could have been more evident in the movie such as Martini, portrayed by Danny DeVito, an amazing actor who shouldnââ¬â¢t have been limited to his talents. I felt as if most characters were not memorable such as Martini, which is sad as I love Danny DeVito. The Characters beside McMurphy that were evident were Billy and Chief. Chief was only evident because he was a fairly larger man then the rest of the group and also of different ethnicity. He was also the one who put McMurphy out of his misery after McMurphy had received a lobotomy. Billy only became evident to me personally, after he had sex with Candy and he killed himself. Other than that I had not paid much attention to his character. In the filmââ¬â¢s defense I would say yes that the attention was mainly on McMurphy, but I was hoping for more from the secondary characters seeing how each one as an individual conformed rather than as a whole group. How to cite One Flew Over the Cuckooââ¬â¢s Nest: Review, Papers carolegraham197http://www.blogger.com/profile/11719097213085457656noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2592550705310788641.post-56052401809392296642019-12-07T04:46:00.001-08:002019-12-07T04:46:02.119-08:00Golf in My Life free essay sample Describe a place or environment where you are perfectly content. What do you do or experience there, and why is it meaningful to you? There are few places where I am perfectly content with myself. One of which is the golf course. When I am on the golf course I can forget about my worries and just let everything go. I will not stress and can have fun without thinking about things I have to do later. We will write a custom essay sample on Golf in My Life or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Many people think the golf course is a very stressful place but it is a place where you can practice or play with friends having endless fun. You can even practice by yourself and be very content and focused on improving your game. At the golf course, I experience calmness of the mind and I can let everything go. I can focus on myself and nothing else can bother me. I can focus on my own game and try to get better and not be stressed out about what I have to do later. Many people think that golf is a very stressful sport and it is if you have not trained right and are not ready for what you will encounter on the golf course throughout the next eighteen holes. The golf course is meaningful to me because I have played golf for over seven years. I have spent over three thousand hours practicing golf and spend about twenty-five hours a week at the golf course. I see a coach at Cowboys Golf Club who helps me with my entire game from my driver to my short game like putting and chipping. He even helps me on my mental game to get my mind in the right spot before the round. I have learned how to slow down my thoughts so I am ready to hit my shot and focus my conscious mind on one thing at a time. It helps me focus and play to the best of my ability and shoot a good score. I have even learned how to make a training plan to help me write down what I have to do two weeks before a tournament to set myself up for success. I have learned making a plan and setting life goals are very important part of living life. Setting goals helps you work hard after something in the future. The golf course is almost like a second home to me. I started playing right after I quit football and have been playing ever since. At Lantana Golf Club, I am well known by the staff and members and have a lot of good memories there. I have found myself wanting to stay at the golf course instead of going home because it relaxes me. Golf is going to help me out later in life on many business trips so I am very glad I am practicing my skills now so I will have fun when I am older with my coworkers at the golf course. Golf is an international sport enjoyed by many people and loved by all. The Masters is watched by over one hundred million people all around the world to watch the greatest golfers from all around to compete against each other. Golf can help me connect with others and start relationships with others I would not be able to do otherwise. carolegraham197http://www.blogger.com/profile/11719097213085457656noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2592550705310788641.post-8178150901591256952019-11-29T16:27:00.001-08:002019-11-29T16:27:02.748-08:00The Stranger By Albert Camus Essays - Absurdist Fiction, The Stranger by Albert Camus In The Stranger, Albert Camus portrays Meursault, the book's narrator and main character, as aloof, detached, and unemotional. He does not think much about events or their consequences, nor does he express much feeling in relationships or during emotional times. He displays an impassiveness throughout the book in his reactions to the people and events described in the book. After his mother's death he sheds no tears; seems to show no emotions. He displays limited feelings for his girlfriend, Marie Cardona, and shows no remorse at all for killing an Arab. His reactions to life and to people distances him from his emotions, positive or negative, and from intimate relationships with others, thus he is called by the book's title, "the stranger". While this behavior can be seen as a negative trait, there is a young woman who seems to want to have a relationship with Meursault and a neighbor who wants friendship. He seems content to be indifferent, possibly protected from pain by his indif ference. Meursault rarely shows any feeling when in situations which would, for most people, elicit strong emotions. Throughout the vigil, watching over his mother's dead body, and at her funeral, he never cries. He is, further, depicted enjoying a cup of coffee with milk during the vigil, and having a smoke with a caretaker at the nursing home in which his mother died. The following day, after his mother's funeral, he goes to the beach and meets a former colleague named Marie Cardona. They swim, go to a movie, and then spend the night together. Later in their relationship, Marie asks Meursault if he wants to marry her. He responds that it doesn't matter to him, and if she wants to get married, he would agree. She then asks him if he loves her. To that question he responds that he probably doesn't, and explains that marriage really isn't such a serious thing and doesn't require love. This reaction is fairly typical of Meursault as portrayed in the book. He appears to be casual and i ndifferent about life events. Nothing seems to be very significant to him. Later on in the book, after he kills an Arab, not once does he show any remorse or guilt for what he did. Did he really feel nothing? Camus seems to indicate that Meursault is almost oblivious and totally unruffled and untouched by events and people around him. He is unwilling to lie, during his trial, about killing the Arab. His reluctance to get involved in defending himself results in a verdict of death by guillotine. Had Meursault been engaged in his defense, explaining his actions, he might have been set free. Meursault's unresponsive behavior, distant from any apparent emotions, is probably reinforced by the despair which he sees open and feeling individuals experience. He observes, for example, Raymond cheated on and hurt by a girlfriend, and sees his other neighbor, Salamano, very depressed when he loses a dear companion, his dog. Meursault's responses are very different, he doesn't get depressed at d eath nor does he get emotionally involved. He appears to be totally apathetic. Thus, he seems to feel no pain and is protected from life's disappointments. Sometimes a person like Meursault can be appealing to others because he is so non-judgmental and uncritical, probably a result of indifference rather than sympathetic feelings. His limited involvement might attract some people because an end result of his distance is a sort of acceptance of others, thus he is not a threat to their egos. Raymond Sintes, a neighbor who is a pimp, seems to feel comfortable with Meursault. Sintes does not have to justify himself because Meursault doesn't comment on how Sintes makes money or how he chooses to live his life. Even though Meursault shows no strong emotions or deep affection, Marie, his girlfriend, is still attracted and interested in him. She is aware of, possibly even fascinated by, his indifference. Despite the seemingly negative qu carolegraham197http://www.blogger.com/profile/11719097213085457656noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2592550705310788641.post-14273533820311635762019-11-25T18:27:00.001-08:002019-11-25T18:27:03.352-08:00Waste Management individual coursework The WritePass JournalWaste Management individual coursework Brief overview Waste Management individual coursework , p. 71). The management of waste through proper disposal or recycling is important in protecting the environment. Engineering has a great role in ensuring sustainable use of natural resources and environmental protection. Mechanical engineers are actively engaged with how the society uses natural resources. It discovers, designs, maintains, improves and repairs machineries like cars, airplanes and industrial equipment which human beings depend on for their daily lives (Wang Koh 2010, p. 49). In the future, mechanical engineering will deliver solutions that will sustain and protect the existence of man on the planet. There are two major ways in which engineering can help in mitigating the problem of waste management which are preventing waste in engineering and management of waste. The next section will look at the two methods, their advantages, disadvantages and cases where they have been used successfully. Waste prevention (Designing out waste in mechanical engineering) Green manufacturing is an emerging concept in engineering that aims to achieve sustainable development in the manufacturing industry. Dornfeld (2010, p. 56) defines green manufacturing as the creation of manufactured products that use processes that conserve energy and natural resources, are non-polluting and are economically safe and sound for users. There is an increasing need for mechanical engineers and engineering in general to innovate new ways of creating products that minimise waste of resources. Rynn (2010, p. 87) asserts that for mechanical engineering to be able to design products that are friendly to the environment, issues of sustainability should be part of all the decision making processes in engineering. This covers all the steps from product design to its end life and after that the needed efforts in regaining its value rather than disposal. The main objective for green manufacturing is to produce products that can be remanufactured, recycled or reused. As such green manufacturing process reduces the environmental impact of a manufacturing process than it was in the past. Green manufacturing systems include measures to reduce the volume of hazardous waste produced, change the energy mix to include the use of more renewable resources and cut down the volume of coolant consumed in the manufacturing process. The other measure that reduces waste of resources is lean manufacturing which has been successfully used by Toyota in its manufacturing plants. The lean manufacturing system as used by Toyota managed to reduce seven types of wastes in the companyââ¬â¢s manufacturing process. Toyota reduced overproduction, inventory, transportation, motion, over processing, defects and waiting times (International Conference on Mechanical Engineering and Green Manufacturing Li 2010, p. 77). Most of these wastes are related to the des ire to minimise the environmental impacts of the manufacturing process. For instance, a reduction in the waiting times saved company resources like lighting and air conditioning. Many machines used in the production process consume a lot of energy even when not processing any products. As such the idle time used for allowing the smooth flow of products wastes a lot of energy. The lean manufacturing processes, initiatives, strategies and techniques are advantageous in terms of reducing operational costs and also aim at boosting, restoring and significantly improving organisational competitiveness. Lean manufacturing reduces the manufacturing time by eliminating the wastes in the manufacturing process. A reduction in manufacturing time leads to a subsequent reduction in operational costs in the form of labour, energy and other utilities. In so doing, it helps organisations in retaining, maintaining and significantly increasing their revenues, widening their margins and generation of savings from lowering costs. Lean manufacturing helps companies in saving space which raises the levels of efficiency and savings. According to Davim (2013, p.64), lean manufacturing has a potential of increasing the productivity of a company by approximately 75% to 125%. This is because the elimination of wastes and any other unnecessary practices at the workplace assists the e mployees to work without distractions and in so doing maximise output. The elimination and reduction of waste in the production process helps the companies in increasing earnings and profits by reducing wasteful use of resources. In addition to this, the elimination of unnecessary tasks and job positions helps companies in reducing labour expenses and in return increase their earnings (Skrabec 2013, p. 33). Despite the aforementioned benefits that come with lean manufacturing, there are various barriers that prevent organisations from fully implementing it in their manufacturing processes. The capital cost requirements of emission control and waste management are extremely high with long payback period (Worrell Vesilind, 2012, p. 88). This makes it very difficult for most companies as this translates into higher product prices which would drive away potential customers. In other instances the capital input exceeds the direct economic gains thus frustrating the successful implementation of green manufacturing. The other barrier is that the manufacturing industry relies on certain technologies and processes that may cause undesirable effects but cannot be ignored like the volatile organic compound used in automotive manufacturing. Waste management (use of recycling and reuse) Waste management entails reducing the amount of waste that the manufacturing industry disposes on the environment (KuÃËhnle 2010, p. 96). In reusing and recycling of waste products, the manufacturing industry reuses old or waste products to produce new products. Waste management reduces environmental pollution, energy usage, air pollution, water pollution and consumption of fresh raw materials by reducing the reliance on conventional waste disposal (Hesselbach Herrmann 2011, p. 54). The manufacturing firms should therefore aim at reducing waste at each and every phase of the production process. The first step is to identify the areas where waste is high in the manufacturing process and then find out what needs to be recycled using cost benefit analysis. Nikon has successfully managed to do this and is recycling its wastes to produce new products. Recycling of old products is important because it helps in environmental conservation. Reusing of resources relaxes the strain placed on natural resources which are increasingly getting depleted. The other advantage of recycling old products is that it reduces energy consumption (Shina 2008, p. 65). The manufacturing process uses large amounts of energy in processing the raw materials into finished products. Recycling helps the manufacturing companies in minimising energy consumption which is important for massive production like refining and mining. In addition to this, it also makes the production process effective in terms of cost which raises the margins for the manufacturers (Association for Manufacturing Excellence 2008, p. 162). Although product recycling is very beneficial to the manufacturers, there are some barriers that hamper the successful implementation of recycling old products in the manufacturing process. The first barrier is that the recycling process is not always cost effective because at times companies are forced to open up new factories thus raising their operational costs (Wang et al 2011, p. 22). A new factory by itself may even cause more pollution in terms of transportation, cleaning and storage. Other than operational challenges, the other major limitation of recycling is that the recycled products are not always as durable as the original products. Products made from trashed waste are cheap and less durable and may not generate sustainable revenue for organisations like other products. Key lessons learnt and how these can be used to improve the future Both lean manufacturing and waste reuse are important in reducing wastes that emanate from the manufacturing processes. Lean manufacturing should be used in eliminating wastages in the production process in order to ensure that organisations minimise operational costs. However, the findings reveal that both methods should be implemented in the manufacturing process in order to improve the waste management in mechanical engineering. Key conclusions and recommendations Waste management should be included in all the stages of the manufacturing process in order to ensure sustainability in engineering. Owing to the fact that the quality of recycled products is often lower than the other original products, it is recommendable to embrace lean manufacturing in order to ensure that wastages are eliminated in the production process. References Association for Manufacturing Excellence (U.S.) (2008). Green manufacturing: Case studies in lean and sustainability. New York: Productivity Press. Davim, J. P. (2013). Green manufacturing processes and systems. Heidelberg: Springer. Dornfeld, D. (2010). Green Manufacturing: Fundamentals and Applications. Berlin: Springer US. Hesselbach, J., Herrmann, C. (2011). Glocalized Solutions for Sustainability in Manufacturing: Proceedings of the 18th CIRP International Conference on Life Cycle Engineering, Technische UniversitaÃËt Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany, May 2nd 4th, 2011. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. International Conference on Mechanical Engineering and Green Manufacturing, Li, S. (2010). Mechanical engineering and green manufacturing: Selected, peer reviewed papers from the International Conference on Mechanical Engineering and Green Manufacturing (MEGM) 2010, November 19-22, 2010, in Xiangtan, China. Stafa-Zurich: TTP, Trans Tech Publications. KuÃËhnle, H. (2010). Distributed manufacturing: Paradigm, concepts, solutions and examples. London: Springer. Rynn, J. (2010). Manufacturing green prosperity: The power to rebuild the American middle class. Santa Barbara, Calif: Praeger. Shina, S. G. (2008). Green electronics design and manufacturing: Implementing lead-free and RoHS-compliant global products. New York: McGraw-Hill. Skrabec, Q. R. (2013). The green vision of Henry Ford and George Washington Carver: Two collaborators in the cause of clean industry. New York: Productivity Press. Wang, L., Koh, S. C. L. (2010). Enterprise networks and logistics for agile manufacturing. London: Springer. Wang, L., Ng, A. H. C., Deb, K., SpringerLink (2011). Multi-objective evolutionary optimisation for product design and manufacturing. London: Springer. Worrell, W. A., Vesilind, P. A. (2012). Solid waste engineering. Australia: Cengage Learning. carolegraham197http://www.blogger.com/profile/11719097213085457656noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2592550705310788641.post-73227265142627814502019-11-22T01:51:00.001-08:002019-11-22T01:51:03.861-08:00Organisational Behaviour and Human Resource Management EssayOrganisational Behaviour and Human Resource Management - Essay Example Employee engagement can also be increased through rewarding them accordingly. When they reward their employees, employees feel motivated to work and put in their best efforts. HR is now not only responsible for hiring and firing and compensating the employees, but it also plays an active part in the employee development and trains them after conducting the training need analysis. HR also now conducts training evaluation so as to ensure that the training has proved to be effective or not. A: Resourcing an Organisation ââ¬Å"Does knowledge of HRM help small and medium sized enterprises (SME) ensure they recruit and select employees who can contribute to maximizing the competitive performance of a business?â⬠Today, the technological edge that the companies earlier used to have over each other in terms of the technology employed is now a thing of past. It is next to impossible now for the companies to try to gain advantage over their competitors by simply innovating. Yes, we canno t deny the fact that innovation is the key to better profits but hiring the right kind of employee is very important. Today firms are looking to create better profits by hiring an efficient and effective workforce. An efficient and effective workforce helps the firms realize better profits and better position in the markets if they have the right kind of employees. Earlier there was a trend in which the organizations hired employees that they felt fit the organization, but now the current trend in hiring, is to hire the person who is fit for the job, and possesses the core competencies that are required for the job. If the company has a proper knowledge about the hiring strategies and methods that the company can save a lot of costs by hiring the right people the first time the hiring starts. If a company fails to realize their real requirements and simply by gaining the birdââ¬â¢s eye view of the job they hire someone, the person will not necessarily be able to perform tasks acc ording the job description and will surely fail to produce the desired results. When this happens, then the company will go on look for another employee that can fit the organization. Hiring is the process that costs companies a lot, and a small business is already running on small profit margins, but if they have to spend on hiring again and again then they will end up having a negative cash flow. Having the right kind of people who fit the ideology of the company and have the right skills and competencies are really important as they will help the company gain profits. Another problem that is faced by organizations generally is that they hire on the basis of skills alone. A candidate must possess the soft skills as well as the technical skills to survive in the organization and work the right way. Companiesââ¬â¢ whether the small businesses or the large ones are looking to hire people who are have the social fit for their organizations as firms are looking to create edge over e ach other through the human workforce that they have. If the firm possesses the knowledge about HR, then they can motivate their workforce in the right way. A motivated workforce helps to create results. The small business already possesses a very small workforce, and if that workforce is a de- motivated one then there are chances that the organization will not be able to achieve their targets. It is a general consideration that if a carolegraham197http://www.blogger.com/profile/11719097213085457656noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2592550705310788641.post-56400808404220650042019-11-20T19:14:00.001-08:002019-11-20T19:14:06.387-08:00Comparative Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 wordsComparative Culture - Essay Example As Corrigan et al. (2003) suggest, one of the founding principles of this Constitution is that there will be no official state religion. The first amendment to the Constitution clearly states "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof . . . ". Thus there is no official "American" religion, nor can the practice of any religion be banned. While more than 80% of the American population profess to be Christian, there are literally hundreds of religions practices freely in America (Corrigan, 2003). While many Americans accept religious belief as a guiding precept within their lives there is, in general, a great deal of tolerance regarding the practice of opposing beliefs. America was in part founded and populated by successive groups of people who were escaping religious persecution in their home countries, and thus tolerance is ingrained within even the most devout believers of one faith or another (Shea, 2003). In contrast, more than 95% of Iraqis are Muslim. This figure alone might suggest that religion could be used as a unifying force within a country that appears on the surface to be hopelessly fragmented. Unfortunately this is not the case. Iraq is divided between three different religious blocs: the Sunni, the Shia and the Kurds. For many years the mutual antipathy between these three groups was kept essentially frozen by the dictatorial, brutal regime of Sadaam Hussein. This situation has changed with the American invasion of Iraq and the subsequent fragmentation of the country into rival factions, often based upon religion. Thus many Iraqis feel more allegiance to their religious group than they do to the country of Iraq. They feel Sunni, Shia or Kurd in a deeper way than they identify themselves as Iraqi. The Sunni were in the minority, but were privileged with this Hussein regime as he was a Sunni. The Sunni now find themselves virtually powerless (Algar, 2004). The Shia enjoy a majority position as far as numbers and have a number of charismatic religious leaders, but they are torn by internal strife. Thus many Iraqis essentially want a secular society based upon some version of Western democracy, while the more theocratic elements in all three of the major groups would like to see a theocracy built up. In many ways religion in Iraq is presently being used, both intentionally and unintentionally, as a catalyst for violence. Al Quaida deliberately uses its supposed fight for Muslim values against the West as a potent recruiting tool for new fighters. Both Sunni and Shia forces have killed one another in the name of defending their own particular brand of Islam. The Kurds seek independence at least partially based upon religious difference. To conclude, religion is an important aspect of life in both America and Iraq. But because the one is a stable, powerful country and the other one a region essentially on the brink of civil war, the comparison ends there. __________________________________________ Works Cited Algar, Hamid. Religion and Politics in Iraq: Shiite Clerics Between Quietism and Resiustance. Pustaka, New York: 2004. Corrigan, John. Hudson, Winthrop. Religion in America. Prentice-Hall, New carolegraham197http://www.blogger.com/profile/11719097213085457656noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2592550705310788641.post-21688033879675115982019-11-18T20:50:00.001-08:002019-11-18T20:50:02.173-08:00Introduction&background part of three museums EssayIntroduction&background part of three museums - Essay Example regarded as a full permanent, Hirshorn operates on seasonal hours with the museum opening from 10am-5:30pm, the plaza opening from 7:30am-5:30pm, and the Garden operating from 7:30am to dusk. An international modern and contemporary art and culture center, Hirshornââ¬â¢s target market includes sculpture enthusiasts, art students, and artists. Although primarily funded by the federal government, Joseph Hirshorn contributed $1 million to the Smithsonian Institution and the money was channeled towards the construction of the Hirshorn building. The museum does not charge any admission fee. Despite being located close to Smithsonian metro and National mall, the museumââ¬â¢s accessibility can be termed as poor as it has no parking facility while street parking outside the museum is limited (Hirshorn, 2014). The Smithsonian American Art is a museum owned by Smithsonian Institution and that features permanent collections including 19th century African American and Latin art works. The museum prides as the first federal art collection and includes a collection that captures the aspirations, character, and imagination of the American people. The museumââ¬â¢s collection is presented in six collections that include among others the ââ¬ËAmerican experienceââ¬â¢ and the ââ¬ËAmerican art through 1940ââ¬â¢ (Altshuler, 2007). The museumââ¬â¢s target market includes DC students, local artists, and families that visit the center. Funding for the museum was mainly from the Smithsonian trust funds obtained from both private sources and Smithsonian Enterprise. The museum is highly accessible with well-labeled elevators and stairs and adequate benches. Additionally, availability of enough research and street parking space coupled with close proximity to Metro Center and Gallery Place Metros makes it possible for the museum to accommodate large numbers of visitors. Similar to Hirshorn, admission to Smithsonian American Art is free (Smithsonian American Art Museum, 2014). Phillips Collection is a carolegraham197http://www.blogger.com/profile/11719097213085457656noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2592550705310788641.post-30726410885358110592019-11-16T09:22:00.001-08:002019-11-16T09:22:04.488-08:00The key steps of the implantationThe key steps of the implantation IMPLANTATION The life journey of a conceptus consists of many stages right from the point of conception to the point of birth which is one of natures wonders. However, an essential stage in this journey is the process of implantation. Implantation is generally defined as an event in which an embryo becomes progressively attached to the wall of the uterus during early pregnancy. This process is pivotal to the events that occur later in pregnancy. According to Makrigiannakis (2005), implantation is an active process in which a blastocyst apposes, attaches and progressively invades into the endometrium to establish the placenta (Figure 5). From this definition, we can deduce that the embryo undergoes the process of implantation at the blastocyst stage (Figure 1). Implantation is a process that occurs in mammals and it takes places in the endometrial lining of the uterus. IMPORTANCE OF IMPLANTATION Implantation is a key event in the reproductive physiology of mammals as it is a pre-requisite for further embryonic development. It is the first stage in the process of placental formation which is in turn is a crucial component of fetal development as it serves as a medium for nutrient absorption, gaseous exchange and waste disposal. Physiological defects in humans and other mammals have gone further to emphasize the importance of the implantation process. Implantation defects have been associated with non-chromosomal early pregnancy loss and infertility (Makrigiannakis, 2005). Many complications that show up late in pregnancy such as pre-eclampsia and preterm labour appear to have originated early in pregnancy with abnormalities in the process of implantation and placental development (Norwitz, 2006). Another implantation defect is a phenomenon known as ectopic pregnancy. In this case, the blastocyst implants outside the uterine cavity usually in the fallopian tubes although ectop ic implantation could also occur in the cervix, abdomen and ovaries. A good understanding of the steps involved in the process of implantation and the factors controlling these steps are necessary in order to be able to influence clinical outcomes in humans such as reduction of recurrent miscarriages and improvement of implantation rates in both natural and assisted reproduction. This will also be beneficial to the use of animals in the area of research and agriculture. A greater detail of the events that take place before and during the process implantation shall be discussed herein. PRE-IMPLANTATION DEVELOPMENT The developmental events that take place between the fertilization of the ovum and the implantation of the blastocyst are important in order to understand the process of implantation. Following fertilization, a process known as cleavage occurs (Figure 1). Cleavage is the mitotic division of the cells of the resulting embryo without any growth. This starts from the time the embryo is at the 2-cell stage and each cell continues to divide up to the morula stage. At this point the embryo is a solid ball of 16 or more cells. In humans, this stage is normally observed at about 4 days after fertilization. In continuation of development, the morula undergoes a process known as compaction. Here, the embryonic cells begin to change shape and gap junctions start to form between adjacent cells. The inner cells of the embryo then start to differentiate from the outer cells as different genes are being expressed in the inner and the outer cells. Blastocyst formation follows shortly after and the i nner cells give rise to the inner cell mass whilst the outer cells give rise to the trophoblast cells (Figure 1). A vast knowledge of the structure of the blastocyst is important as each of its structural components play an important role in the process of implantation. The inner cell mass of a blastocyst gives rise to the embryo proper while the trophoblast gives rise to the fetal component of the placenta (Schoenwolf et al., 2009). The process of implantation is generally known to take place a few days after fertilization and the uterine wall is ready to accept the implanting blastocyst during a limited period of time outside of which it may not optimally support the implantation of the embryo. This period of time is known as the ââ¬Ëwindow of implantation (Psychoyos et al., 1995; Klentzeris, 1997). THE BLASTOCYST AND THE UTERUS BEFORE IMPLANTATION In the build up to the implantation process following pre-implantation development, there are a number of necessary events that take place. First of all, there has to be a receptive and hormonally primed uterus present. The uterus is composed of 3 layers namely the endometrium, perimetrium and myometrium (Figure 2). The endometrium which is the most important uterine tissue involved in implantation consists of the luminal epithelium, the stroma and the germinal basalis (Yoon et al., 2004). The hormone progesterone, which is secreted by the corpus luteum, is actively involved here as it makes the already thickened endometrial lining of the uterus more favourable for the implantation of the blastocyst. The thickening of the endometrium is due to the effect of estrogens (Norwitz, 2006). The blastocyst is then transported to the uterus via signalling mechanisms and arrives there at about 5 to 7 days after fertilization (Bischof and Campana, 1996). After the blastocyst arrives in the uter us, it begins to move towards the endometrium with the inner cell mass positioned towards the endometrial lining (Bischof and Campana, 1996). Before any further interaction with the endometrium, the blastocyst must undergo a process known as hatching. This simply involves the blastocyst boring a hole through the zona pellucida with the aid of enzymes and squeezing out. It is a general school of thought that serine proteases are responsible for this process although the mechanisms behind its action are not clearly understood (OSullivan et al., 2002). After hatching, the blastocyst is naked of all its original investments and can interact directly with the endometrium (Schoenwolf et al., 2009). At this time, blastocystis also known to secrete moleculesthat affect the activity of the ovary, fallopian tube and the endometrium (Norwitz, 2006). Shortly before the blastocyst comes in contact with the endometrium, thetrophoblastdifferentiates intotwo different cell masses, which are the inn er cytotrophoblast and the outer syncytiotrophoblast which is formed as a result of the fusion of cytotrophoblast cells. PATTERNS OF IMPLANTATION There are three known patterns of implantation which are centric, eccentric and interstitial (Wimsatt, 1975). Centric implantation occurs when the embryo expands and increases in size before implantation, then stays in the centre of the uterus (Lee and DeMayo, 2004). Examples of animals that undergo this pattern of implantation include rabbits, dogs, cows, pigs, sheep, horses and a number of marsupials. Eccentric implantation occurs when the embryo is small in size and implants inside the endometrium usually taking place on the side of the uterus, opposite to the mesometrium (Lee and DeMayo, 2004). Examples of animals that show this pattern of implantation include rats, mice and hamsters. In Interstitial implantation, the embryo is also small and it invades through the endometrial epithelium into the subepithelial connective tissue (Lee and DeMayo, 2004). Examples of animals under this category include guinea pigs and humans (Wimsatt, 1975). KEY STEPS OF THE IMPLANTATION PROCESS There are three key steps in the process implantation namely apposition, attachment and invasion. Apposition This is the first major step of the implantation process following the hatching of the blastocyst. During apposition, the blastocyst comes in slight contact forming a weak bond with the uterine luminal epithelium. Microvilli on the apical surface of the cytotrophoblasts interlock with microprotrusions called pinopodes (Figure 3) which are present on the apical surface of the endometrial epithelium (Norwitz et al., 2001). This interaction involves changes in the expression of cell adhesion molecules and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins (Nagaoka et al., 2003). Pinopodes are progesterone-dependent organelles, and they have been suggested to be indicators of endometrial receptivity (Nikas, 1999). In humans, they are usually visible on days 20-21 of the menstrual cycle prior to the time of implantation (Nikas, 1999). They could facilitate implantation by preventing the blastocyst from being swept away by uterine cilia (Stavreus-Evers, 2005). It has been identified that high molecular w eight mucin glycoproteins particularly MUC1, are dominant inhibitors of embryo apposition and attachment (Thathiah and Carson, 2002). However, a decrease in the expression of MUC1 at the time of implantation could facilitate blastocyst apposition (Thathiah and Carson, 2002). During apposition, soluble mediators such as chemokines e.g. CX3CL1, CCL7, CCL14 and CCL4 have been found to establish a dialogue between the maternal cells and those of the blastocyst (Hannan and Salamonsen, 2007). Chemokines are a large family of chemotactic cytokines, well known for their functions in leucocyte recruitment and activation (Dominguez et al., 2003). They have a wide range of functions and have been implicated to play a role in implantation (Dominguez et al., 2003). Chemokines have been localized in areas of inflammation and they are suggested to be potential mediators of inflammation (Feng, 2000). This could be the reason why blastocysts tend to implant on scar tissue from caesarean sections which is an area of inflammation (Dominguez et al., 2005). The dialogue between the maternal and blastocyst cells has important influences on the development of the implanting blastocyst and maintenance of endometrial receptivity (Hannan and Salamonsen, 2007). It also results in the expression of a unique array of adhesion molecules on the surface of both fetal and maternal cells, promoting the attachment of the trophoblast cells to the endometrial epithelium (Hannan and Salamonsen, 2007). Attachment Following apposition, the next step in the process of implantation is known as attachment or adhesion. This is characterized by increased physical contact between the blastocyst and the uterine epithelium (Norwitz et al., 2001). At this point the blastocyst can no longer be dislodged. A ligand carbohydrate known as trophinin has been identified as an adhesion molecule that mediates the initial step of attachment of the blastocyst to the endometrial epithelium (Fukuda and Sugihara, 2008). Trophinin mediates cell adhesion by homophilic Trophinin-Trophinin binding (Fukuda and Sugihara, 2008). A carbohydrate-binding protein known as L-selectin which is expressed in the blastocyst, has also been discovered to play a role in human embryo attachment (Genbacev et al., 2003). Interaction between L-selectin on the blastocyst and L-selectin ligands on the endometrial surface allows for loose attachment and rolling of blastocyst to its implantation site ((Fukuda and Sugihara, 2008). The human Ch orionic Gonadotrophin (HCG) produced by the blastocyst up regulates trophinin expression on pinopodes and down regulates MUC1 expression (Fukuda and Sugihara, 2008). The blastocyst then adheres to the pinopodes by trophinin-trophinin interaction (Figure 4). A substance known as Heparin Binding Epidermal Growth Factor (HB EGF) has also been implicated in blastocyst attachment (Lim and Dey, 2008). This growth factor is expressed by the endometrium whilst its receptors are present on the blastocyst. This interaction also helps in facilitating the attachment of the blastocyst. Figure 4: Proposed role of L-selectin and trophinin in human embryo implantation. Source: Fukuda and Sugihara, 2008. (a) A human blastocyst entering the uterine cavity is prevented from attaching to the endometrial epithelia by MUC1, except for epithelia that express the L-selectin ligand (T). The human blastocyst expresses L-selectin (L), and ââ¬Ërolls on the surface of the endometrium covered by glycocalyx. (b) The blastocyst feebly interacts with the glycocalyx. Here, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) which is secreted from the blastocyst, acts locally on endometrial epithelia to induce trophinin expression. (c) Trophinin expressed by endometrial epithelia is enriched in the pinopodes, the structure extended above the glycocalyx. MUC1, which carries the L-selectin ligand, is down-regulated from the endometrial epithelia underneath the blastocyst, allowing direct contact and attachment of blastocyst trophectoderm cells and pinopodes via trophinin-trophinin binding. Invasion The next step which is critical to the implantation of the blastocyst is known as invasion. As the term implies, this involves the infiltration of the endometrium by the cytotrophoblast cells of the blastocyst. This starts with the progression of the trophoblast cells between the adjacent endometrial epithelial cells to reach the underlying basement membrane. This membrane is destroyed, allowing the trophoblast cells to reach the stromal compartment (Bischof and Campana, 1996). The syncytiotrophoblast undergoes proliferation and invades the endometrial stroma. The progressive invasion of the blastocyst into the endometrium continues until the blastocyst is completely embedded in subepithelial stromal tissue and the uterine epithelium grows to cover the implantation site (Norwitz, 2006). The syncytiotrophoblast cells continue to develop quickly and surround the blastocyst until it has completely embedded itself in the endometrial stroma. In the syncytiotrophoblast, fluid-filled spaces known as lacunae are formed as a result of the fusion of syncytiotrophoblast cells. The lacunae are separated by trabeculae and they transform the syncytiotrophoblast into a sponge-like material (Bischof and Campana, 1996). The trabeculae are arranged radially, and cytotrophoblastic cells divide within the trabeculae, leading to the formation of primary chorionic villi (Bischof and Campana, 1996). Following this event, the primary villi grow and branch into secondary and tertiary villi (Bischof and Campana, 1996). This process is known as placentation. A wide range of factors e.g. cytokines, integrins, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), Leukaemia Inhibiting Factor (LIF) e.t.c have been found to play a role in the invasion process (Makrigiannakis, 2005; Norwitz, 2006). The role of these c omponents in the process of implantation shall be discussed shortly under the factors that regulate implantation. Figure 5: Implantation of the human blastocyst step by step. Source: Bischof and Campana, 1996. (1): Transport. The blastocyst arrives in the uterus after fertilization. (2) Orientation: The inner cell mass is positioned towards the endometrial lining. (3) Hatching: The zona pellucida is perforated making way for the release of the blastocyst. (4) Apposition: The blastocyst is now in close contact with the endometrial lining but no connections have been established. (5) Adhesion: Connections are established between the embryo and the endometrial epithelium. (6) Invasion: Thin folds of trophectodermal cells intrude between the endometrial epithelial cells. (7) Syncytialization: Some trophectodermal cells fuse to form syncytia which proliferate and invade the endometrial stroma. (8) Villous formation: The cytotrophoblastic cells migrate between the syncytia followed by the fetal stroma. This will lead to the formation of the placental villi. The cells of the endometrial stroma react to the presence of the blastocyst and the secretion of progesterone by differentiating into metabolically active, secretory cells called decidual cells (Schoenwolf et al., 2009). This response is known as the decidual reaction or decidualization. In humans, this begins in the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle. The decidua is also known as the maternal portion of the placenta (Gilbert, 2006) and it is believed to provide an element of control of trophoblast invasion during implantation (Loke and King, 1995). The decidualized stroma cells have been found to secrete prolactin and Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein-1(IGFBPI) which are held to function in complex gene networks that function in the regulation of trophoblast invasion as well as many other endocrine and paracrine factors (Bazer et al., 2010). This regulatory function is required for the optimal implantation of the blastocyst as the invasion of the cytotrophoblast to the proper depth is a major factor in determining pregnancy outcome (Norwitz, 2006). Excessive invasion resulting from the inability of the decidua to control the invading cytotrophoblast cells could lead to an unusually strong attachment of the placenta to the myometrium (placenta accreta), extension into the myometrium (placenta increta), or invasion through the myometrium into adjacent organs also known as placenta percreta (Norwitz, 2006). Insufficient cytotrophoblast invasion has also been associated with pre-eclampsia (Lyall, 2006; Lee et al., 2010) which is a medical complication that presents itself late in pregnancy. During implantation, a process known as angiogenesis has been identified to be important (Sherer and Abulafia, 2001). Angiogenesis is the growth of new capillaries from pre-existing blood vessels. In this case, it occurs in the endometrium and takes place throughout the implantation period. Endometrial angiogenesis starts with the degradation of the capillary vessel membrane, creating a means through which migrating endothelial cells proliferate to create a new lumen and further vessel maturation (Sherer and Abulafia, 2001). This vascularization functions to maintain endometrial structure and receptivity. Angiogenesis is known to be mediated by some factors present in the endometrium such as fibroblast growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor and platelet activating factors (Norwitz 2006; Sherer and Abulafia, 2001). FACTORS THAT REGULATE IMPLANTATION The regulation of implantation and early development is dependent on a wide range of factors. Although the molecular and cellular mechanisms behind implantation are not well understood, it is apparent that multiple factors (including maternal and fetal) are needed to synchronize blastocyst maturation and uterine receptivity up to the point of initiation of implantation and through the process of implantation (Norwitz, 2006). A closer look will now be taken at some of the important factors associated with implantation and early pregnancy maintenance. Maternal factors Starting with the uterine (maternal) side, there are a lot of components to consider. Cytokines and growth factors have been shown by different studies to be important to the maternal role in implantation. These include interleukin-1 (Sheth et al., 1991; Simon et al., 1996; Stewart and Cullinan, 1997; Huang et al., 1998), Interleukin-2 (Stewart and Cullinan, 1997), Insulin-like growth factor I and II (Stewart and Cullinan, 1997; Giudice and Irwin, 1999), transforming growth factor a and (Slowey et al., 1994; Stewart and Cullinan, 1997; Godkin and Dore, 1998), vascular endothelial growth factor (Athanassiades et al., 1998) and leukemia inhibitory factor (Cullinan et al., 1996; Stewart and Cullinan, 1997). The mode of function of the leukemia inhibitory factor is not well understood but has been established as a critical factor in the process of implantation (Stewart et al., 1992; Cheng et al. 2002). These cytokines and growth factors all work towards facilitating the communication bet ween the blastocyst and the uterus whilst promoting endometrial proliferation and differentiation (Norwitz, 2006). They have also been found to regulate endometrial angiogenesis and vascular permeability (Norwitz, 2006). As mentioned earlier, some steroid hormones such as Progesterone (Peyron et al., 1993) and Oestradiol-17 (Miller, 1988) have also been found to be important. They function in the proliferation of uterine epithelial cells and endometrial stromal cells (Norwitz, 2006). Some changes in the uterine luminal epithelium such as the expression of pinopodes (Nikas, 1999) and MUC 1 (Thathiah and Carson, 2002) have been suggested to be important for blastocyst recognition and attachment. Transcription factors such as the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-s (Lim et al., 1999; Barak et al., 1999) have been identified to function in defining the molecular mechanisms by which the regulatory factors exert their effects at a cellular level (Norwitz, 2006). Studies have shown the relevance of some other components such as homeobox genes Hoxa-10 and 11 which have been found to regulate the responsiveness of stromal cells to progesterone (Benson et al., 1996; Taylor et al., 1997; Lim et al., 19 99), Cyclooxy-genase-2 which regulates prostaglandin production (Norwitz and Wilson 2000) and oxygen tension (Genbacev et al., 1997) which has been found to promote trophoblast vascular mimicry by initiating integrin expression. Also, proteins such as Rac1 and RhoA which are found in stromal cells have been implicated in trophoblast invasion (Grewal et al., 2008). Fetal factors Evaluations of the blastocyst (fetal) factors also reveal that present here, are some of the groups of factors present on the maternal side of implantation as they possess some overlapping functions. Cytokines and growth factors, in addition to facilitating communication between the blastocyst and uterus, could also enhance trophoblast differentiation and invasion. These include Interleukin-1, Interleukin-6 (Stewart and Cullinan, 1997), leukemia inhibiting factor, transforming growth factor a and , insulin-like growth factor II and colony stimulating factor-1 (Stewart and Cullinan, 1997, Cohen et al., 1997). Some trophoblast proteinases and inhibitors such as the matrix metalloproteinases (Makrigiannakis, 2005) and cathepsin B and L (Afonso et al., 1997) have also been found to regulate trophoblast invasion. The expression of some adhesion molecules e.g. integrins have been identified in the enhancement of trophoblast invasion. Some of them include integrin a64, integrin a11 and E-ca dherin (Lessey, 1998; Lessey and Arnold, 1998; Damsky and Fisher, 1998). Some other important factors include prostaglandin E2 which aids the process of endometrial apoptosis and platelet-activating factor which stimulates uterine prostaglandin production (Norwitz, 2006). Immunological factors The immunological interactions between the blastocyst and the uterine decidua are essential in the regulation of the implantation process. Implantation is of immunological significance because the blastocyst contains half of its paternal genes hence it is immunologically foreign to its mother. Despite this fact, blastocyst implantation still turns out to be a successful process and the blastocyst is not rejected by the maternal immune system during normal implantation. This is down to the action of immunological factors. These factors are a combination of elements expressed by both the blastocyst and the uterus and they act together to ensure fetal survival. On the maternal side such factors include Interleukin-10 (Roth et al., 1996; Roth and fisher, 1999) which plays an important role in immunosuppression thus reducing the activity of the maternal immune system against the foetus (Norwitz, 2006). Another factor is 2, 3-dioxygenase (Kamimura et al., 1991; Munn et al., 1998) which has been found to be responsible for macrophage action during implantation (Norwitz, 2006). Uterine natural killer cells found in the stroma also play a role here as they produce cytokine, chemokines and angiogenic factors which all promote and regulate trophoblast invasion (King and Loke, 1997). On the fetal side, factors such as histocompatibility antigen, class I, G (HLA-G) have been found to be involved in preventing the maternal immune rejection of the semi-allogenic foetus (Lanier, 1999; Norwitz, 2006). Coordination of the regulatory factors within the window of implantation The window of implantation as defined earlier is characterized by the perfect synchrony of all the components that play a role in the implantation process. These include the endometrium, the blastocyst and the factors regulating the process of implantation. Figure 6 below illustrates how all these factors are coordinated during the implantation window. This shows that within the window of implantation, the endometrium is highly influenced by steroid hormones (oestrogen and progesterone) and the interaction between the blastocyst and the endometrium is as a result of stage-specific actions of different implantation factors. Figure 6: Events that take place within the implantation window. Source: Achache and Revel, 2006 (A) Endometrium proliferates under the enhancement of estrogen. (B) Progesterone from follicles that have been luteinized leads to endometrial differentiation. (C) The blastocyst makes its way to the uterus via the ostia and rolls freely over the endometrium with the aid of L-selectin signals. (D) MUC-1 repels the blastocyst and prevents it from adhering to areas on the endometrium with poor chances of implantation. (E) Cytokines and chemokines attract the blastocyst to the optimal implantation spot. (F) Adhesion molecules (e.g. integrins and cadherins) attach the blastocyst firmly to the endometrial pinopodes to ensure successful implantation. The functions of all the factors mentioned earlier further emphasize the importance of these components to the process of implantation. A lot of studies have also been carried out on some of these molecules to further establish their importance. A notable one amongst these molecules is the leukemia inhibitory factor. As mentioned earlier, this molecule has been identified to be critical to the process of implantation. Studies revealed that implantation did not occur in female transgenic mice that were homozygous for the deficiency of the gene responsible for the leukemia inhibitory factor (Aghajanova, 2004). It was further proven that the lack of implantation was not caused by faults in the embryo because the implantation of the same embryos occurred when they were transferred to pseudopregnant recipients. The addition of exogenous LIF to the females with this defective gene throughout the period of normal implantation restored implantation sites and allowed proper attachments of the blastocysts (Aghajanova, 2004). LIF and LIF mRNA has also been shown to be expressed throughout the menstrual cycle of women with proven fertility (Arici et al., 1995; Charnock-Jones et al., 1994). This was associated with peaks in the mid and late secretory phase, and in early pregnancy (Aghajanova, 2004). Leukemia inhibitory factor has also been found to be present in uterine flushings within the implantation window in fertile women. This characterized by gradually increasing concentrations from 7 days to 12 days after the LH surge (Laird et al., 1997). In future, the evidence and information obtained from similar studies may be applied clinically through a well regimented administration of LIF in a pharmaceutical form to improve implantation rates in both natural and assisted reproduction. IMPLANTATION AND ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY (ART) Successful pregnancy outcomes from assisted reproductive techniques such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) have largely depended on the process of implantation. The advances in ART techniques have not had a significant effect on implantation rates (Donaghay and Lessey, 2007) hence a lot of measures have been taken by ART units over the years in an attempt to optimize implantation rates. Assisted hatching (Cohen, 1991) is a well known procedure carried out in this regard. This involves the manual perforation of a blastocysts zona pellucida in order to separate the blastocyst from the zona pellucida just as it would have occurred during natural hatching. This may increase implantation and pregnancy rates in IVF cycles (Chao et al., 1997). The function of regulatory factors in the process of implantation indicates that a number of biomarkers can be adapted from these to determine the ideal period of endometrial receptivity which can be traced and monitored during IVF cycles (Haouzi et al. , 2009). These may include the detection and monitoring of some of the molecules and steroid hormones involved in implantation by making use of samples obtained from IVF treatment cycles such as follicular fluids and embryo culture supernatants. Fluorescent markers can also be used to highlight proteins and any other key component in the blastocyst involved in implantation. Continuous studies are being performed with the aim of discovering techniques that would improve implantation rates during ART treatments. CONCLUSION Over the years, the research carried out on implantation and the factors that control implantation has been done making use of mostly animal models with the exception of some that have employed the use of in vitro human systems. The use of animals in the study of implantation has many benefits as many factors and regulatory mechanisms are being discovered. However, it is difficult to precisely extrapolate results obtained from animal data into human cases. This is one of the problems being encountered by implantation studies as the difficulty and ethical significance associated with research using humans make scientists resort to the use of animal models. The process of implantation occurs with the uterus and the blastocyst in synchrony. It has been clearly shown that a lot of factors are responsible but the complete framework of the regulation of implantation has not yet been understood. With continuous research and more human-based studies, a better understanding of the process and regulation of implantation may be achieved in the future. REFERENCES Achache, H. and Revel, A., 2006. Endometrial receptivity markers, the journey to successful embryo implantation. Hum. Reprod. Update. 12(6), 731-746. Afonso, S., Romagnano, L. and Babiarz, B., 1997. The expression and function of cystatin C and cathepsin B and cathepsin L during mouse embryo implantation and placentation. Development. 124, 3415-3425. Aghajanova, L., 2004. Leukemia inhibitory factor and human embryo implantation. Ann. NY. Acad. Sci.1034, 176-183. Arici, A., Engin, O., Attar, E. And Olive, D.L., 1995. Modulation of leukaemia inhibitory factor gene expression and protein biosynthesis in human endometrium. J. Clin. Endocr. Metab. 80, 1908-1915 Athanassiades, A., Hamilton, G.S., Lala, P.K., 1998. Vascular endothelial growth factor stimulates proliferation but not migration or invasiveness in human extravillous trophoblast. Biol. Reprod. 59, 643-654. Barak, Y., Nelson, M.C., Ong, E.S. et al., 1999. PPAR gamma is required for placental, cardiac, and adipose tissue development. Molecular Cell 4, 585-595. Bazer, F.W., Wu, G., Spencer, T.E., Johnson, G.A., Burghardt, R.C. and Bayless, K., 2010. Novel pathways for implantation and establishment and maintenance of pregnancy in mammals. Mol. Hum. Reprod 16(3), 135-152. Benson, G.V., Lim, H., Paria, B.C. et al., 1996. Mechanisms of reduced fertility in Hoxa-10 mutant mice: uterine homeostasis and loss of maternal Hoxa-10 expression. Development. 122, 2687-2696. Bischof, P. and Campana, A., 1996. A model for implantation of the human blastocyst and early placentation. Hum. Reprod. Update. 2(3), 262-270. Chao, K., Wu, M., Chen, S., Yang, Y., Chen, H. and Ho, H., 1997. Assisted hatching increases the implantation and pregnancy rate of in vitro fertilization (IVF)-embryo transfer (ET), but not that of IVF-tubal ET in patients with repeated IVF failures. Fertil. Steril. 67(5), 904-908 Charnock-Jones, D.S., Sharkey, A.M., Fenwick, P. and Smith, S.K., 1994. Leukemia inhibitory factor mRNA concentration peaks in human endometrium at the time of implantation and the blastocyst contains mRNA for the rec carolegraham197http://www.blogger.com/profile/11719097213085457656noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2592550705310788641.post-28031807673637554822019-11-13T21:52:00.001-08:002019-11-13T21:52:05.461-08:00Solutions to Computer Viruses :: Computer Viruses Software Technology EssaysSolutions to Computer Viruses Table Of Contents I Intro II Computer Virus Components a.Worms b.Trojan horses c.Logic bombs III à à à à à Types of Viruses a.Boot sector virus b.File virus c.Macro virus d.Multipartite virus e.Polymorphic virus f.Stealth virus IV How Viruses Work a.Virus introduced to system b.Trojan activated c.Logic bomb activated d.Destructive part of virus activated V Most Common Viruses a.Jerusalem virus b.Cascade virus c.Brain virus d.Italian virus e.New Zealand virus VI Macro Virus a.What are they? b.How do they work VII How to Avoid Viruses a.Removing floppies from drive b.Donââ¬â¢t use pirated software c.Backup data d.Run virus check program periodically VIII Anti-virus Software a.Why would you use? b.Virus Scanner c.Types of Anti-virus software In this growing technological world, there is a dependency on computer systems. With the wide spread use of computer systems comes the threat of short programs that damage the system and other programs on that system. These short programs are called computer viruses. There are many computer viruses out there to infect unsuspecting system and programs. Along with these threats of infection comes the opportunity to eradicate these viruses before they infect systems. There are programs called anti-virus protection to help find and fix problems before they damage computer systems (Encyclopedia.com). Computer Virus and Components A computer virus can be defined as a rogue computer program, usually short in nature, designed to spread copies of itself to other computers and disrupt the computersââ¬â¢ normal operation. These viruses usually attach or insert themselves in or to a program or boot sector of a disk. It is spread through floppy disk, network, or routine on-line services. There are some viruses that are harmless, but others can destroy or corrupt data and cause an operating system or application program to malfunction. The three most common types of destructive computer programs are the Trojan horse, logic bombs, and the worm. ââ¬Å"A virus is considered to be a worm with a logic bomb or Trojan horse componentâ⬠(PC Upgrade). Worms are programs that copy themselves. They create images of themselves in a file or a certain part of a disk. The main reason for including a worm component in a virus is to spread the virus via floppy dick. Now everytime you format a disk or copy a disc, the worm now infects you floppy disk. The Trojan horse is a program hidden inside another useful looking program. When the useful program is running the Trojan horse is doing something like erasing your Fat and directory. The last of this triangle is the bomb. The bomb is a piece of code embedded in a program or the operating system that waits for a particular event to occur. carolegraham197http://www.blogger.com/profile/11719097213085457656noreply@blogger.com0